{"descricao":"The people of the resistance and of the struggles for freedom, with a short biography and sources.","origem":"https://resistencia.onofriana.pt","licenca":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (texts) — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en","atribuicao":"Resistência — Walks for freedom in Lisbon. Coordinates: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), unless stated otherwise. The sources of each entry are given in the entry itself.","gerado_em":"2026-10-03","traducao":"Texts are in English where they have been translated and in Portuguese where they have not: the “lingua” field of each entry gives the language of its text.","lingua":"en-GB","pessoas":[{"id":"adelaide-cabete","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Adelaide Cabete","nome_completo":"Adelaide de Jesus Damas Brazão Cabete","nascimento":{"data":"1867-01-25","local":"Elvas (Alcáçova)"},"morte":{"data":"1935-09-14","local":"Lisbon (São Sebastião da Pedreira)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["obstetrician and gynaecologist","teacher of Hygiene and Childcare","founder and president of the National Council of Portuguese Women (1914–1935)","co-founder of the Republican League of Portuguese Women","Freemason"],"resumo":"A republican doctor who only began studying after she married, she founded the National Council of Portuguese Women in 1914, chaired it for more than twenty years and made her practice in Restauradores its headquarters.","texto":"She was born in Elvas on 25 January 1867 and only began studying after marrying the republican Manuel Fernandes Cabete. She qualified in medicine at the age of 33, in 1900, at the Lisbon Medical-Surgical School, with the thesis “Protecção às mulheres grávidas pobres” (Protection for poor pregnant women). In 1907 she opened a practice as an obstetrician and gynaecologist in the Baixa, at Rua da Prata, 153; she moved it in 1908 to Rua Áurea, 267, and from 1910 to Praça dos Restauradores, 13, where she gave free consultations to poor women.\n\nA republican, she was one of the founders of the Republican League of Portuguese Women, in 1909, with Ana de Castro Osório. For the 1910 revolution she sewed and embroidered, with Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, green and red flags to be raised in Lisbon. In Freemasonry she took the name “Louise Michel”.\n\nIn 1914 she founded the National Council of Portuguese Women, which she chaired until her death and which had its headquarters in her Restauradores practice for 32 years. She called for a month’s rest before childbirth for women workers, and for the right of women to vote. The Council organised the First Feminist and Education Congress, from 4 to 9 May 1924, at the Lisbon Commercial Employees’ Mutual Aid Association, and a second in 1928; Adelaide Cabete also organised the first abolitionist congresses on prostitution. For 17 years she taught Hygiene and Childcare at the Odivelas Women’s Institute.\n\nIn 1929, disillusioned with the dictatorship, she left for Angola with her nephew Arnaldo Brazão; she came back ill in 1934. She died in Lisbon on 14 September 1935 and is buried in the Alto de São João Cemetery. In 1946 the Council moved to Amoreiras and, led since 1945 by Maria Lamas, it was closed down by the police on 28 June 1947.","lugares":[{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"Her practice and the CNMP headquarters, at Praça dos Restauradores, 13 (1910–1946)"},{"lugar":"consultorio-carolina-beatriz-angelo","papel":"Had practices nearby, in the Baixa: Rua da Prata, 153 (1907) and Rua Áurea, 267 (1908) (1907–1908)"},{"lugar":"palacio-vagos","papel":"Chaired the CNMP, which organised the First Feminist and Education Congress (May 1924)"},{"lugar":"liga-republicana-mulheres","papel":"Co-founder of the Republican League of Portuguese Women (1909)"},{"lugar":"ruas-feministas-carnide","papel":"Rua Adelaide Cabete, in Carnide, is named after her (1976 edict) (19 June 1976)"}],"wikidata":"Q2817337","fontes":[{"titulo":"A Rua da médica Adelaide Cabete que também foi professora de Higiene","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2015/10/23/a-rua-da-medica-adelaide-cabete-que-tambem-foi-professora-de-higiene/"},{"titulo":"Ser mulher em Lisboa: a associação que agitou o regime no século XX (Ana Sofia Paiva, 8/3/2019)","editora":"FCSH+Lisboa – NOVA FCSH","url":"https://maislisboa.fcsh.unl.pt/ser-mulher-em-lisboa-a-associacao-que-agitou-o-regime-no-seculo-xx/"},{"titulo":"Adelaide Cabete","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Cabete"},{"titulo":"Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselho_Nacional_das_Mulheres_Portuguesas"},{"titulo":"Carolina: por entre os itinerários da memória e da ciência (Gaudium Sciendi, n.º 2, julho de 2012)","editora":"Isabel Lousada / Universidade Católica Portuguesa","url":"https://scucp.ucp.pt/pt-pt/asset/381/file"},{"titulo":"Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (inglês)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselho_Nacional_das_Mulheres_Portuguesas"}],"por_confirmar":["The date of the First Feminist and Education Congress: 4 to 9 May 1924 (FCSH+Lisboa, Wikipedia on the Council); Toponímia de Lisboa says 1925 and Wikipedia on Adelaide Cabete says 1921.","Who she shared the Restauradores practice with, and on which floor: with her niece, the dentist Maria Brazão, on the 2nd floor (Toponímia de Lisboa), or with her sister, Maria Brazão, and her nephew Arnaldo Brazão, on the 1st floor (FCSH+Lisboa).","The year the Republican League of Portuguese Women was founded: 1909 (Toponímia de Lisboa) or 1908 (Wikipedia).","Whether she edited the magazine “Alma Feminina”: Toponímia de Lisboa and Wikipedia say she founded it and edited it between 1920 and 1929; the National Library gives Maria Clara Correia Alves as its editor from 1917."]},{"id":"agostinho-neto","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Agostinho Neto","nome_completo":"António Agostinho Neto (Kilamba)","nascimento":{"data":"1922-09-17","local":"Kaxicane (Ícolo e Bengo), Angola"},"morte":{"data":"1979-09-10","local":"Moscow"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["doctor (Lisbon Faculty of Medicine)","poet","member of the MUD Juvenil","political prisoner","president of the MPLA and of Angola"],"resumo":"A medical student in Lisbon from 1948, he was active in the House of the Students of the Empire, the MUD Juvenil and the Centre for African Studies. Arrested several times by the PIDE in Lisbon, he was the first president of independent Angola.","texto":"He was born on 17 September 1922 in Kaxicane, Angola. He began studying medicine in Coimbra and in 1948 transferred to the Lisbon Faculty of Medicine, without giving up his activity at the House of the Students of the Empire. In Lisbon he was active in the MUD Juvenil and took part in setting up the Centre for African Studies, with Amílcar Cabral, Mário Pinto de Andrade, Marcelino dos Santos and Francisco José Tenreiro.\n\nThe PIDE arrested him in Lisbon in 1950, while he was collecting signatures for the World Peace Conference, and again in 1951. In 1955 he was arrested once more and sentenced to 18 months in prison. Released in July 1957, he graduated in medicine in Lisbon on 27 October 1958. He was arrested again; in 1962 he was briefly held in Aljube Prison and was released in March. That year he left Portugal clandestinely, with his wife and children.\n\nHe took over the leadership of the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and was the first president of independent Angola. He died in 1979, in Moscow.","lugares":[{"lugar":"casa-estudantes-imperio","papel":"CEI activist in Lisbon (1948)"},{"lugar":"centro-estudos-africanos","papel":"Takes part in setting up the Centre for African Studies (1951)"},{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Briefly held in Aljube Prison (1962)"}],"wikidata":"Q181665","fontes":[{"titulo":"Agostinho Neto","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/09/17/agostinho-neto/"},{"titulo":"Movimento Anti-Colonialista (MAC)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/12/30/movimento-anti-colonialista-mac/"},{"titulo":"Agostinho Neto","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostinho_Neto"},{"titulo":"Entrevista a António Tomás Medeiros (Colecção E-Books)","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://www.cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/EntrevistaaAntonio%20TomasMedeiros_Nreg%20EB00003.pdf"}],"por_confirmar":["The dates of the arrests in Lisbon (1950, 1951 and 1955), of the release (July 1957) and of the time in the Aljube in 1962 come only from Wikipedia; the Aljube Museum says only that he was arrested several times and released in 1962."]},{"id":"aida-magro","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Aida Magro","nome_completo":"Aida de Freitas Loureiro Magro","nascimento":{"data":"1918-04-04","local":"Gambos, Huíla (Angola)"},"morte":{"data":"2011-11-11","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["chemical engineer","underground communist activist","political prisoner","co-author of the Caxias Manifesto"],"resumo":"A chemical engineer and underground PCP activist, she was in charge of the Eastern Zone of the Lisbon Local Committee, “the most important working-class zone of the capital”. Arrested by the PIDE in 1957, she was, in Caxias, one of the authors of the letters of the Caxias Manifesto.","texto":"She was born in 1918 in Gambos, in Huíla, Angola, and came to Lisbon to study chemistry at the Industrial Institute, where she joined the student struggle against the dictatorship. She joined the PCP in 1942 and three years later went underground, when her husband, José Magro, was denounced to the PIDE; she took her daughter, still a baby, with her, and later handed her over to the family.\n\nUnderground, she was in charge of the Eastern Zone of the Lisbon Local Committee, “the most important working-class zone of the capital”; she carried illegal documents and wrote, under the pseudonym “Eva”, for the party’s clandestine publications, among them A Voz das Camaradas (The Voice of the Women Comrades). Like the other women in the clandestine houses, it was also her job to keep the house safe and to keep up a cover routine that would not arouse the neighbours’ suspicions.\n\nShe was arrested by the PIDE in 1957 and taken to Caxias prison, where she spent six months in isolation and under interrogation. Given a custodial sentence of two and a half years, with her political rights suspended for 15 years and security measures, because she was considered a “dangerous element”, she was only released six years later, at the age of 45; in all that time she never saw her husband, imprisoned in the same fort. In prison she read and discussed the news with the other women prisoners, and was one of the authors of the thirteen letters of the Caxias Manifesto, which Maria Alda Nogueira smuggled out of the prison in 1961, addressed to women’s and democratic organisations all over the world.\n\nOn parole, she had to report to the PIDE every month and could not leave Lisbon without permission, not even to visit her husband, imprisoned again in Peniche. Unable to work as an engineer, she even sold coffee machines; she devoted herself to supporting political prisoners and their families, in the National Commission for Aid to Prisoners. In 1973 she wrote to Marcelo Caetano asking for the release of her husband, who was ill, and for an amnesty for political prisoners; he was only freed with 25 April. After the revolution she was a full-time PCP worker, and she died in Lisbon on 11 November 2011. Her papers have been digitised at the 25 April Documentation Centre of the University of Coimbra, and the originals have been in the Torre do Tombo since 2007.","lugares":[{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned in Caxias; co-author of the Caxias Manifesto (1957)"}],"wikidata":"Q107090317","fontes":[{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Aida Magro","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_Magro"},{"titulo":"Maria Alda Nogueira","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Alda_Nogueira"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of her arrest: 27 May 1957, according to Wikipedia; the CIG gives only the year.","When she left prison: six years after her arrest, because of the security measures, according to Wikipedia; the CIG does not give the date.","The year of the Caxias Manifesto, 1961, appears only in Wikipedia."]},{"id":"albina-fernandes","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Albina Fernandes","nome_completo":"Albina Fernandes (também Albina Pato; pseudónimo «Rosália»)","nascimento":{"data":"1928-01-05","local":"Soissons (France)"},"morte":{"data":"1970-10-02","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["fighter in the French Resistance","underground PCP activist","political prisoner"],"resumo":"A communist activist arrested in 1961 with her two small children, whom she kept with her in Caxias. She spent six years and seven months in prison and took her own life in 1970, her nervous system weakened by the years in jail.","texto":"Also known as Albina Pato, she used the pseudonym “Rosália”. She was born in Soissons, in France, on 5 January 1928, and fought in the French Resistance. An underground PCP activist, she was arrested by the PIDE on 15 December 1961, on the same day as her partner, Octávio Pato, but in different places.\n\nWith no one to entrust them to, she took her children with her to Caxias: Isabel, aged six, and Rui, aged two. She laid them down on the only divan and, as she told Maria Rodrigues Pato, the children’s paternal grandmother, she “rested on her knees on the floor, with her hands gripping their wrists, so that they would not take them from her”. The testimony is in the book A Força Ignorada das Companheiras (The Unacknowledged Strength of the Women Companions), by Gina de Freitas (1975). The PIDE threatened to hand them over to an institution, and only on 10 January 1962 did it let her entrust them to their grandparents.\n\nTried on 17 November 1962, she was sentenced to three years’ major imprisonment and an extendable security measure, and ended up spending six years and seven months in Caxias. In November 1966, a petition signed by many citizens called for her release, but she was only granted parole on 9 July 1968.\n\nHer nervous system badly weakened by the years in prison, she took her own life on 2 October 1970. The National Commission for Aid to Political Prisoners, in a telegram signed by, among other women, Cecília Areosa Feio, Maria Eugénia Varela Gomes and Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, held the Government directly responsible for the “tragic event”. The funeral was a demonstration of grief and of protest against the regime.","lugares":[{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned with her small children; served six years and seven months in Caxias (15 December 1961)"}],"wikidata":"Q101444609","fontes":[{"titulo":"Albina Fernandes","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/albina-fernandes"},{"titulo":"A fuga de Caxias, um acto de resistência antifascista rumo à vitória, foi há 60 anos","editora":"URAP – União de Resistentes Antifascistas Portugueses","url":"https://www.urap.pt/index.php/actividade-mainmenu-29/notcias-mainmenu-35/1169-a-fuga-de-caxias-um-acto-de-resistencia-antifascista-rumo-a-vitoria-foi-ha-60-anos"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"}],"por_confirmar":["Where she died and where the funeral, which became a protest demonstration, was held: the sources say only Lisbon."]},{"id":"alda-espirito-santo","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Alda do Espírito Santo","nome_completo":"Alda Neves da Graça do Espírito Santo","nascimento":{"data":"1926-04-30","local":"São Tomé (São Tomé and Príncipe)"},"morte":{"data":"2010-03-09","local":"Luanda"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["poet","teacher","co-founder of the Centre for African Studies","São Tomé nationalist","political prisoner"],"resumo":"A poet from São Tomé whose Lisbon home, on Rua Actor Vale, housed the Centre for African Studies from 1951. Arrested in 1965 and imprisoned in Caxias, she later wrote the words of the anthem of São Tomé and Príncipe.","texto":"She was born in São Tomé on 30 April 1926 and came to Lisbon to study, enrolling for a degree in Arts. Her poems began to be read from 1946, at the gatherings in the home of Luís Espírito Santo. At the university and at the House of the Students of the Empire she mixed with the future leaders of the liberation movements — Amílcar Cabral, Agostinho Neto, Mário Pinto de Andrade, Francisco José Tenreiro, Marcelino dos Santos, Noémia de Sousa.\n\nIn 1951 she was at the founding of the Centre for African Studies, which was set up in the house where she lived, at Rua Actor Vale, 37, at the top of the Alameda — a large house run by an aunt, “Aunt Andreza”. Talks on linguistics and history were given there, and a political awareness of colonialism and “assimilationism” took shape. Some time later she gave up her course, for political and financial reasons.\n\nIn January 1953 she returned to São Tomé, where she worked as a teacher and journalist. That year she wrote the poem “Trindade”, which denounces the Batepá massacre of 5 February. On 4 December 1965 she was arrested in São Tomé and imprisoned in the fort-prison of Caxias, accused of “inciting subversion in the archipelago”.\n\nAfter independence, in 1975, she was Minister of Education and Culture, Minister of Information and Culture and President of the National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe, and wrote the words of the national anthem, “Independência Total” (Total Independence). She died in Luanda on 9 March 2010.","lugares":[{"lugar":"centro-estudos-africanos","papel":"Lives in the house at Rua Actor Vale, 37, headquarters of the Centre for African Studies (1951)"},{"lugar":"casa-estudantes-imperio","papel":"Frequents the House of the Students of the Empire."},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned in the Caxias fort-prison after her arrest in São Tomé (4 December 1965)"}],"wikidata":"Q457401","fontes":[{"titulo":"Alda Neves da Graça do Espírito Santo","editora":"Memória Comum","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/alda-neves-da-graca-do-espirito-santo"},{"titulo":"Alda do Espírito Santo","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alda_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo"},{"titulo":"Entrevista a António Tomás Medeiros (Colecção E-Books)","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://www.cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/EntrevistaaAntonio%20TomasMedeiros_Nreg%20EB00003.pdf"},{"titulo":"Casa dos Estudantes do Império: berço de líderes africanos em Lisboa (João Carlos, DW África)","editora":"Buala","url":"https://www.buala.org/pt/vou-la-visitar/casa-dos-estudantes-do-imperio-berco-de-lideres-africanos-em-lisboa"},{"titulo":"Casa dos Estudantes do Império","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/primaveras-estudantis/casa-dos-estudantes-do-imperio/"}],"por_confirmar":["Whether she was a founder of the Centre for African Studies, as Wikipedia says: António Tomás Medeiros recounts that the Centre was run by Mário Pinto de Andrade, Amílcar Cabral, Francisco José Tenreiro and António Domingues, and that it was set up in the house where she lived through Mário de Andrade.","Her age at death: 82, according to Memória Comum; the dates in Wikipedia (30 April 1926 and 9 March 2010) give 83."]},{"id":"alfredo-assuncao","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Alfredo Assunção","nome_completo":"Alfredo Correia Assunção","nascimento":null,"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["lieutenant of the Cavalry Practical School"],"resumo":"A lieutenant in Salgueiro Maia’s column, he was assaulted on Rua do Arsenal by Brigadier Junqueira dos Reis while trying to negotiate — and responded with a salute. In the afternoon, he brought Spínola’s emissaries to the Carmo.","texto":"A lieutenant at the Cavalry Practical School in Santarém, he commanded, with Captains Salgueiro Maia and Mário Tavares de Almeida and Lieutenant Rui Santos Silva, the force of about 220 soldiers that occupied the Terreiro do Paço in the early hours of 25 April 1974. That morning, the second-in-command of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Ferrand de Almeida, surrendered to Salgueiro Maia and to him.\n\nOn Rua do Arsenal, with Lieutenant Santos Silva and Sergeant Nunes, he tried to negotiate with Brigadier Junqueira dos Reis, who commanded the regime’s forces. The brigadier gave the order to fire, but no one fired; exasperated, he punched him three times. Assunção did not hit back: he saluted him and withdrew. The 25 April Association recalls that he stood out for staying calm, even after being assaulted.\n\nIn the afternoon, in Largo do Carmo, Salgueiro Maia had ordered an armoured car into firing position and had begun the countdown to fire on the barracks where Marcelo Caetano was when Assunção presented him with two civilians carrying a message from General António de Spínola: Pedro Feytor Pinto and Nuno Távora. Maia let them in. When they came out, it was Assunção who took them to the general’s house in a Cavalry Practical School jeep.","lugares":[{"lugar":"rua-do-arsenal","papel":"Assaulted by Junqueira dos Reis (25 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"largo-do-carmo","papel":"Escorted Spínola’s emissaries (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Terreiro do Paço (Lugares de Abril)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/locais-de-abril/locaisabril-local10/"},{"titulo":"Rua do Arsenal (Lugares de Abril)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/locais-de-abril/locaisabril-local16/"},{"titulo":"Cronologia do 25 de Abril, por Jofre Alves (blogue Abril de Novo, 2010), na Biblioteca Digital do CD25A","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/Artigos/APP_CX22_48_CRONOLOGIA%20DO%2025%20DE%20ABRIL_Jofre%20Alves.pdf"}],"por_confirmar":["The dates of birth and death of Alfredo Correia Assunção."]},{"id":"alice-pestana","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Alice Pestana","nome_completo":"Alice Evelina Pestana Coelho","nascimento":{"data":"1860-04-07","local":"Santarém"},"morte":{"data":"1929-12-24","local":"Madrid"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["writer and educationalist (pen name Caiel)","advocate of secondary education for women","president of the Portuguese Peace League"],"resumo":"An educationalist and writer, she championed women’s education as a condition for a more democratic society. In 1888, commissioned by the government, she studied women’s secondary education abroad; she chaired the Portuguese Peace League.","texto":"She was born in Santarém in 1860. A writer and educationalist, she signed her work as Caiel, Eduardo Caiel, Cil and Célia Elevani, and devoted herself above all to women’s education, which she saw as a condition for a more democratic and just society. In 1888 the government commissioned her to visit France, Switzerland and England to study women’s secondary education. Among her works, O Que Deve Ser a Instrução Secundária da Mulher (What Women’s Secondary Education Should Be) stands out.\n\nShe was a co-founder of the Altruist Society, which gave rise to the Portuguese Peace League, and she chaired the League. She later lived in Spain, linked to the Institución Libre de Enseñanza, and died in Madrid in 1929. Since 1988 a street in Bairro de Caselas, in Lisbon, has borne her name.","lugares":[{"lugar":"ruas-pioneiras-caselas","papel":"Rua Alice Pestana is named after her (1988 edict) (20 April 1988)"}],"wikidata":"Q16911690","fontes":[{"titulo":"Numa Rua de Caselas, Alice Pestana da causa da educação das mulheres","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2017/01/27/alice-pestana-da-causa-da-educacao-das-mulheres-numa-rua-de-caselas/"},{"titulo":"Alice Pestana","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Pestana"}],"por_confirmar":["The year the Altruist Society gave way to the Portuguese Peace League: 1889 (Toponímia de Lisboa) or 1899 (Wikipedia).","Whether she co-founded the Altruist Society (Toponímia de Lisboa) or joined it after José Pessanha had set it up (Wikipedia).","Whether the Portuguese Peace League was the first Portuguese feminist organisation, as Wikipedia says; Toponímia de Lisboa does not say so.","The places in Lisbon connected with her life and work: the sources give no addresses."]},{"id":"alvaro-cunhal","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Álvaro Cunhal","nome_completo":"Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal","nascimento":{"data":"1913-11-10","local":"Coimbra"},"morte":{"data":"2005-06-13","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["general secretary of the Portuguese Communist Party","exile in the Soviet Union"],"resumo":"A communist leader, he was arrested in 1949 and escaped from Peniche Fortress in 1960. General secretary of the PCP, he returned from exile on 30 April 1974 and addressed the crowd at the airport from the top of a Chaimite armoured car.","texto":"He was born in Coimbra in 1913. An underground leader of the Portuguese Communist Party, he was arrested by the PIDE in the early hours of 25 March 1949, in a house in Luso where he lived with Sofia Ferreira — they posed as a couple — and where Militão Ribeiro was also hiding. He spent eleven years in prison. On 3 January 1960 he escaped from Peniche Fortress with nine other prisoners and a GNR guard, in an escape prepared on the outside by Pires Jorge and António Dias Lourenço.\n\nAs the party’s general secretary, he arrived at Lisbon airport on 30 April 1974, after 14 years of exile in the Soviet Union. An emotional crowd was waiting for him; among those waiting beside the plane was Mário Soares. Still at the airport, he climbed onto a Chaimite armoured car to speak to the crowd, and was later received by António de Spínola.\n\nThe next day he spoke, with Soares, at the May Day (1 May) rally in the FNAT stadium, which was then renamed Estádio 1.º de Maio (May Day Stadium). He hailed the military and the first measures taken “to liquidate the fascist dictatorship and establish freedom”. On 25 November 1975, President Costa Gomes summoned him to the Palácio de Belém, seeking to stand down the activists and civilians gathered outside some barracks. He died in Lisbon in 2005.","lugares":[{"lugar":"peniche","papel":"Escaped from the fortress with nine other prisoners (3 January 1960)"},{"lugar":"aeroporto","papel":"Arrival from exile (30 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"estadio-1-maio","papel":"Spoke at the May Day rally (1 May 1974)"},{"lugar":"belem","papel":"Summoned by Costa Gomes (25 November 1975)"},{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Taken to the Aljube the first time he was arrested (1937)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Tried at the Plenary Court with Sofia Ferreira (May 1950)"},{"lugar":"penitenciaria-lisboa","papel":"Held here after the 1950 trial, until he was transferred to Peniche; he translated “King Lear” here"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Elected deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1975) and to the Assembly of the Republic (until 1987)"}],"wikidata":"Q250919","fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"A chegada de Álvaro Cunhal do exílio","editora":"RTP Ensina","url":"https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-chegada-de-alvaro-cunhal-do-exilio/"},{"titulo":"O regresso dos exilados","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/bdh-o-pos-25-de-abril-de-1974/p25a-o-regresso-dos-exilados/"},{"titulo":"25 de Novembro de 1975","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/25-de-novembro-50-anos-depois/25-de-novembro-de-1975/"},{"titulo":"Álvaro Cunhal (Q250919)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250919"},{"titulo":"Prisão de Álvaro Cunhal, Militão Ribeiro e Sofia Ferreira","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/03/25/prisao-de-alvaro-cunhal-militao-ribeiro-e-sofia-ferreira/"},{"titulo":"Fuga de Peniche","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2021/01/03/fuga-de-peniche/"}],"por_confirmar":["The time and flight of his arrival in Lisbon: there are accounts of an Air France flight at 13:50, which the sources cited here do not confirm.","The day and place of birth (Coimbra, 10 November 1913) and of death (Lisbon, 13 June 2005) come only from Wikidata."]},{"id":"amilcar-cabral","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Amílcar Cabral","nome_completo":"Amílcar Lopes Cabral","nascimento":{"data":"1924-09-12","local":"Bafatá (Guinea-Bissau)"},"morte":{"data":"1973-01-20","local":"Conakry"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["agronomist (Higher Institute of Agronomy)","member of the House of the Students of the Empire","leader of the Centre for African Studies","founder of the PAIGC"],"resumo":"An agronomy student in Lisbon from 1945, he met Agostinho Neto, Mário Pinto de Andrade and Marcelino dos Santos at the House of the Students of the Empire, and was one of the leaders of the Centre for African Studies. He founded the PAIGC and was assassinated in Conakry in 1973.","texto":"He was born in Bafatá, in Guinea, in 1924, and went to Cape Verde as a child, where he went to school. In 1945, on a scholarship, he entered the Higher Institute of Agronomy in Lisbon, where he came into contact with anti-fascist groups; at the House of the Students of the Empire he met Mário Pinto de Andrade, Agostinho Neto and Marcelino dos Santos.\n\nHe was a member of the House’s Cape Verde section. In a letter of 1948 he wrote that he had been at a general meeting “until 2 in the morning”, arguing for the purchase of a house on the outskirts of Lisbon. According to the testimony of António Tomás Medeiros, he was one of the leaders of the Centre for African Studies, which in 1951 was set up on Rua Actor Vale. He returned to Bissau in 1952.\n\nIn 1959 he founded, with others, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC). Of the manifesto of the Anti-Colonialist Movement, launched in 1957 by nationalists from the colonies who were studying in Europe, he said that it was “the preface to our struggle”. He was assassinated in Conakry on 20 January 1973, by two members of his own party.","lugares":[{"lugar":"casa-estudantes-imperio","papel":"Member of the CEI (Cape Verde section) (1948)"},{"lugar":"centro-estudos-africanos","papel":"One of the leaders of the Centre for African Studies (1951)"}],"wikidata":"Q213416","fontes":[{"titulo":"Amílcar Lopes Cabral","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/09/12/amilcar-lopes-cabral/"},{"titulo":"Movimento Anti-Colonialista (MAC)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/12/30/movimento-anti-colonialista-mac/"},{"titulo":"Lugar de Memória Casa dos Estudantes do Império (Helena Wakim Moreno)","editora":"ReMapping Memories Lisboa","url":"https://www.re-mapping.eu/pt/lugares-de-memoria/casa-dos-estudantes-do-imperio"},{"titulo":"Entrevista a António Tomás Medeiros (Colecção E-Books)","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://www.cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/EntrevistaaAntonio%20TomasMedeiros_Nreg%20EB00003.pdf"},{"titulo":"Amílcar Cabral","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral"}],"por_confirmar":["The year the PAIGC was founded: 1959, according to the Aljube Museum and the text of the Wikipedia article; the infobox of the same Wikipedia article gives 1956.","The year of his return to Bissau, 1952, comes only from Wikipedia."]},{"id":"ana-de-castro-osorio","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Ana de Castro Osório","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1872-06-18","local":"Mangualde"},"morte":{"data":"1935-03-23","local":"Lisbon (according to Wikipedia; Toponímia de Lisboa says Setúbal)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["writer, pioneer of children’s literature","journalist","founder of the Republican League of Portuguese Women","founder and president of the Feminist Propaganda Association","contributor to the 1910 divorce law"],"resumo":"A writer, author of what is considered the first Portuguese feminist manifesto (1905), she launched the Republican League of Portuguese Women and founded, with Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, the Feminist Propaganda Association, which advocated the vote for educated women.","texto":"She was born in Mangualde on 18 June 1872. Author of the series Para as Crianças (For the Children; 1897–1935), she is considered the founder of children’s literature in Portugal. In 1905 she published As Mulheres Portuguesas (Portuguese Women), considered the first Portuguese feminist manifesto. She edited the magazine A Sociedade Futura (The Future Society), where she was succeeded by Olga de Moraes Sarmento.\n\nIn 1907 she was leading the Portuguese Group for Feminist Studies, and in August 1908 she launched, with António José de Almeida, the idea of the Republican League of Portuguese Women. The League was born in 1909, on the second floor of No. 6 Rua dos Castelinhos. After the proclamation of the Republic, she worked with Afonso Costa, the Minister of Justice, on the divorce law.\n\nShe argued for the vote only for women who were educated and who worked; Maria Veleda’s wing would accept no restrictions. The split led her to leave the League and to found, with Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, on 12 May 1911, the Feminist Propaganda Association. The judge who ruled in Carolina’s favour in the appeal that opened the electoral rolls to her was Ana’s father, João Baptista de Castro. On 28 May, the day Carolina voted, the two were photographed by the polling place, the Clube Estefânia, for Ilustração Portuguesa. On 24 July, the Association petitioned the Constituent Assembly for women’s suffrage. When Carolina died, in October, Ana became its president.\n\nLater in 1911 she went with her husband, Paulino de Oliveira, who had been appointed consul in São Paulo. During the Great War she founded the Women’s Committee “Pela Pátria” (For the Homeland), from which the Crusade of Portuguese Women was born. She died on 23 March 1935. In 1976 the City Council named a street in Carnide after her.","lugares":[{"lugar":"liga-republicana-mulheres","papel":"Founded the Republican League of Portuguese Women on the second floor of No. 6 (1909)"},{"lugar":"clube-estefania","papel":"Photographed with Carolina Beatriz Ângelo by the polling place (“Ilustração Portuguesa”, 5 June 1911) (28 May 1911)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Her Feminist Propaganda Association petitioned the Constituent Assembly for the vote (24 July 1911)"},{"lugar":"ruas-feministas-carnide","papel":"Rua Ana de Castro Osório, in Carnide, is named after her (1976 edict) (19 June 1976)"}],"wikidata":"Q2817249","fontes":[{"titulo":"A feminista e republicana Ana de Castro Osório","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2012/11/06/a-feminista-e-republicana-ana-de-castro-osorio/"},{"titulo":"Liga Republicana das Mulheres Portuguesas","editora":"Almanaque Republicano (blogue)","url":"http://arepublicano.blogspot.com/2012/10/liga-republicana-das-mulheres.html"},{"titulo":"Carolina Beatriz Ângelo","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/Carolina-Beatriz-Angelo.aspx"},{"titulo":"O sufrágio feminino no Parlamento na 1.ª República (ComunicAR n.º 71, março de 2021)","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://app.parlamento.pt/comunicar/v1/202103/71/artigos/art5.html"},{"titulo":"Ana de Castro Osório","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_de_Castro_Os%C3%B3rio"},{"titulo":"Associação de Propaganda Feminista","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Propaganda_Feminista"},{"titulo":"Olga de Moraes Sarmento","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_de_Moraes_Sarmento"}],"por_confirmar":["The place of death: Lisbon, at her home, in the parish of Sé (Wikipedia, which cites the death register), or Setúbal (Toponímia de Lisboa).","The year the Feminist Propaganda Association was founded: 1911, according to the Assembly of the Republic (12 May) and Wikipedia, or 1912, according to Toponímia de Lisboa.","The Women’s Committee “Pela Pátria”: from 1914 (Wikipedia) or from 1916 (Toponímia de Lisboa). And the Crusade of Portuguese Women: it grew out of the committee (Toponímia de Lisboa) or was founded by Elzira Dantas Machado, who reorganised the committee (Wikipedia).","The title of the 1905 manifesto: “As Mulheres Portuguesas” (Portuguese Women; Toponímia de Lisboa) or “Às Mulheres Portuguesas” (To Portuguese Women; Wikipedia).","Who founded “A Sociedade Futura”: Ana de Castro Osório (Toponímia de Lisboa) or Olga de Moraes Sarmento and her husband, Manuel João da Silveira (Wikipedia)."]},{"id":"angelica-viana-porto","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Angélica Viana Porto","nome_completo":"Angélica Cristina Irene Lopes Viana Porto","nascimento":{"data":"1881-11-10","local":"Paço de Arcos (Oeiras)"},"morte":{"data":"1938-05-21","local":"Lisbon (São Mamede)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["philanthropist","vice-president of the National Council of Portuguese Women (1928)","speaker at the Feminist and Education Congresses"],"resumo":"A philanthropist and feminist, she was vice-president of the National Council of Portuguese Women in 1928 and presented papers at both Feminist and Education Congresses, on assistance to women offenders and on the moral action of work.","texto":"She was born in Paço de Arcos in 1881. In 1907 she joined Ilda Jorge, Maria Veleda and Ana de Castro Osório on the women’s committee that sought to set up a Nursery School in Lisbon for vulnerable children.\n\nIn the National Council of Portuguese Women she was vice-president of the board in 1928. At the Feminist and Education Congresses that the Council organised in Lisbon she presented the papers “Assistência às delinquentes” (Assistance to women offenders), at the first, in 1924, and “A acção moral do trabalho” (The moral action of work), at the second, in 1928.\n\nShe died in 1938, at home, on Rua Luís Fernandes, in Lisbon, and is buried in the Alto de São João Cemetery.","lugares":[{"lugar":"palacio-vagos","papel":"Paper at the First Congress (May 1924)"},{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"On the organising committee of the First Feminist and Education Congress, which received the papers and correspondence here (1924); vice-president of the CNMP (1928)"}],"wikidata":"Q108427294","fontes":[{"titulo":"Angélica Viana Porto","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica_Viana_Porto"},{"titulo":"[2502.] Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas || Direcção - 1928","editora":"Silêncios e Memórias (blogue)","url":"https://silenciosememorias.blogspot.com/2021/02/3012-conselho-nacional-das-mulheres.html"},{"titulo":"Primeiro Congresso Feminista e de Educação (brochura de divulgação, com a comissão organizadora, as teses e o regulamento)","editora":"Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas — Arquivo de História Social (ICS-ULisboa), Espólio Pinto Quartin","url":"https://ahsocial.ics.ulisboa.pt/primeiro-congresso-feminista-e-de-educacao-conselho-nacional-das-mulheres-portuguesas-lisboa-s-n-1924"}],"por_confirmar":["Whether she led the 1907 Nursery School committee, as Wikipedia says, or was only a member of it, as the blog Silêncios e Memórias says.","The years of her vice-presidency of the National Council of Portuguese Women: 1928, according to the blog Silêncios e Memórias, based on a photograph of the board; 1929, 1931–1934 and 1936, according to Wikipedia, which adds the honorary presidency in 1937."]},{"id":"angelina-vidal","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Angelina Vidal","nome_completo":"Angelina Casimira do Carmo da Silva Vidal","nascimento":{"data":"1847-03-11","local":"Lisbon (parish of São José)"},"morte":{"data":"1917-08-01","local":"Lisbon (Rua de São Gens, 41)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["teacher","journalist and editor of “A Voz do Operário”","writer","republican and socialist propagandist","advocate of women workers’ rights"],"resumo":"A teacher, journalist and republican speaker, editor of “A Voz do Operário”, she defended women workers and equality between men and women. The monarchy denied her a widow’s pension; she died almost destitute in 1917, a day after it was granted.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon, in the parish of São José, on 11 March 1847, the daughter of the conductor Joaquim Casimiro. In 1872 she married the Navy doctor Luís Augusto de Campo Vidal, and was widowed in 1894.\n\nShe began writing in the newspapers under the pseudonym “Uma Republicana Viseense” (A Republican Woman from Viseu) and spread republican propaganda at rallies and in the press, in titles such as O Sindicato, Justiça do Povo, Emancipação, O Tecido and O Trabalhador. She wrote for A Voz do Operário from 1883 and was the paper’s editor between 1897 and 1901. To her republican ideals she later added socialist ones.\n\nShe defended the rights of women workers and the education of women as the basis of equality. She never called herself a feminist, and even criticised the suffragists of the Republican League of Portuguese Women, but she always demanded equality between men and women, at work and in civil law. She taught French, piano and music, including at the A Voz do Operário society, and wrote poetry, prose and plays, among them Lisboa Antiga e Lisboa Moderna (Old Lisbon and Modern Lisbon, 1900).\n\nThe monarchy’s government denied her a widow’s pension, claiming that she was an “enemy of the institutions”. In 1917, under the Republic, she applied again; it was granted on 31 July, and the next day, 1 August 1917, she died almost destitute, at No. 41 Rua de São Gens. By an edict of 17 October 1924, Lisbon City Council gave her name to the former Caminho do Forno do Tijolo, today Rua Angelina Vidal, with the caption “Illustrious Lecturer and Propagandist of Social Emancipation” (Ilustre Conferencista e Propagandista da Emancipação Social).","lugares":[{"lugar":"casa-angelina-vidal","papel":"Died at No. 41 Rua de São Gens (1 August 1917)"},{"lugar":"rua-angelina-vidal","papel":"The street has borne her name since the edict of 17 October 1924 (17 October 1924)"}],"wikidata":"Q48871693","fontes":[{"titulo":"A republicana Angelina Vidal","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2013/01/22/a-republicana-angelina-vidal/"},{"titulo":"Angelina Vidal","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Vidal"},{"titulo":"Lisboa Republicana: topónimos no feminino","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2015/03/09/toponimos-no-feminino-na-lisboa-republicana/"}],"por_confirmar":["Her full name: “Angelina Casimira do Carmo da Silva Vidal” (Toponímia de Lisboa) or “Angelina Casimira da Silva Vidal” (Wikipedia).","Her husband’s surname: “Campo Vidal” (Toponímia de Lisboa) or “Campos Vidal” (Wikipedia, which gives the same surname to their children)."]},{"id":"antonio-de-oliveira-salazar","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"António de Oliveira Salazar","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1889-04-28","local":"Vimieiro (Santa Comba Dão)"},"morte":{"data":"1970-07-27","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["professor of Economics and Finance at the University of Coimbra","Minister of Finance (from 1928)","President of the Council of Ministers (head of government, 1932–1968)"],"resumo":"A Coimbra professor called in by the Military Dictatorship to take over the Ministry of Finance in 1928, he headed the Government from 1932 to 1968 and made the Estado Novo (“New State”), instituted by the 1933 Constitution, a dictatorship with power concentrated in the President of the Council.","texto":"He was born in 1889 in Vimieiro, in the municipality of Santa Comba Dão. A professor of Economics and Finance at the University of Coimbra and a leading figure in the Catholic Centre, he was called in by the Military Dictatorship, which had emerged from the coup of 28 May 1926, to resolve the crisis in the public accounts. He took office as Minister of Finance on 27 April 1928, with a reputation as a “financial wizard”, and in his inaugural speech he stated that he knew very well what he wanted and where he was going. As Minister of Finance and, on an interim basis, of the Colonies, in 1930 he had the Colonial Act enacted, which subordinated the interests of the colonies to those of the metropole.\n\nOn 5 July 1932 he became President of the Council, the head of government. With a small group of collaborators he devised the 1933 Constitution, which instituted the Estado Novo (“New State”): a regime with no party other than the National Union, with freedom of expression, assembly and association left to “special laws”, and power concentrated in the President of the Council, who answered only to the President of the Republic. The political police, censorship and organisations that regimented young people, women and workers sustained the regime and the cult of the leader, which was fed by the propaganda of António Ferro, housed from 1940 in the Palácio Foz.\n\nOn 4 July 1937 he escaped a bomb attack on Avenida Barbosa du Bocage, on his way to Mass. In May 1938 he moved into the Palacete de São Bento, which the State had expropriated as the official residence of the President of the Council and which a monumental staircase linked to Parliament.\n\nIn 1968, a fall from a chair left him unable to govern, and Marcelo Caetano replaced him. He went on living at São Bento until July 1970 and died in Lisbon on 27 July, aged 81 — “without ever suspecting that he was no longer President of the Council”, wrote the Diário de Notícias.","lugares":[{"lugar":"residencia-sao-bento","papel":"Lived here from 1938 to 1970, as President of the Council"},{"lugar":"barbosa-du-bocage","papel":"Escaped a bomb attack (4 July 1937)"}],"wikidata":"Q151394","fontes":[{"titulo":"António de Oliveira Salazar (Q151394)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151394"},{"titulo":"Ditadura militar e ascensão do salazarismo","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/28-de-maio-de-1926/ditadura-militar-e-ascensao-do-salazarismo/"},{"titulo":"Da ditadura nacional ao Estado Novo (exposição virtual)","editora":"Tribunal de Contas","url":"https://erario.tcontas.pt/pt/apresenta/expo_vr/modulo07-1.html"},{"titulo":"Ato Colonial","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2026/07/08/ato-colonial/"},{"titulo":"O Parlamento na história constitucional – O Estado Novo (1926-1974)","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://app.parlamento.pt/Constitucionalismo/OEstadoNovo/"},{"titulo":"Organizações repressivas e de controlo do Estado Novo","editora":"RTP Ensina","url":"https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/organizacoes-repressivas-e-de-controlo-do-estado-novo/"},{"titulo":"O SPN como motor do projeto cultural do Estado Novo","editora":"RTP Ensina","url":"https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/o-spn-como-motor-do-projeto-cultural-do-estado-novo/"},{"titulo":"Atentado a Salazar","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2026/07/04/atentado-a-salazar/"},{"titulo":"Residência Oficial do Primeiro-Ministro — História","editora":"Governo de Portugal","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091129032518/http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/GC18/PrimeiroMinistro/ResidenciaOficial/Pages/ResidenciaOficial.aspx"},{"titulo":"27 de Julho de 1970: Morte de Salazar — bibliografia temática","editora":"Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo","url":"https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2008/10/2011-07-Salazar.pdf"},{"titulo":"O dia em que Salazar sofreu um atentado","editora":"Diário de Notícias","url":"https://www.dn.pt/arquivo/diario-de-noticias/atentado-contra-salazar-10047327.html"}],"por_confirmar":["Until when he was Minister of Finance: until 1932, according to the Torre do Tombo National Archive, or until 28 August 1940, according to the title of a book by the National Propaganda Secretariat listed in the same bibliography (“A obra de Salazar na pasta das Finanças: 27 de Abril de 1928 a 28 de Agosto de 1940” — Salazar’s Work at the Ministry of Finance: 27 April 1928 to 28 August 1940).","The day and place of birth come only from Wikidata."]},{"id":"antonio-de-spinola","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"António de Spínola","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1910-04-11","local":"Estremoz"},"morte":{"data":"1996-08-13","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["general","author of “Portugal e o Futuro” (Portugal and the Future, 1974)","president of the National Salvation Junta","President of the Republic (1974)","founder of the MDLP"],"resumo":"A general and author of “Portugal e o Futuro” (Portugal and the Future), he received Marcelo Caetano’s surrender at the Carmo Barracks, presided over the National Salvation Junta and was President of the Republic until he resigned, on 30 September 1974. On 11 March 1975 he fled to Spain.","texto":"He was born in Estremoz on 11 April 1910. A former governor of Guinea, he was chosen, together with Costa Gomes, as a prestigious leader for the Captains’ Movement at the Óbidos meeting on 1 December 1973: Costa Gomes, who received the most votes, would get the Presidency of the Republic; Spínola, the supreme command of the Armed Forces. As Deputy Chief of the Armed Forces General Staff, he published Portugal e o Futuro (Portugal and the Future) on 22 February 1974, which shook relations between the regime and the Armed Forces. Shortly afterwards, he and Costa Gomes were dismissed, on the pretext that they had stayed away from the session in support of the regime at the Palácio de São Bento that became known as the “Rheumatic Brigade” (Brigada do Reumático).\n\nOn 25 April 1974 he declared that he was not involved in the Movement, but was available to take power if the government wanted a peaceful way out. Marcelo Caetano, besieged in the Carmo Barracks, asked him by telephone to come and receive power, and Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho gave him a mandate on behalf of the captains. He reached the Carmo at around 17:45, in a car surrounded by the cheering crowd, and Salgueiro Maia took him to Caetano. On arriving at the Pontinha Command Post, with the members of the government under arrest, he announced: “Gentlemen officers, I must begin by informing you that I have just assumed power at the Carmo Barracks. Now let us get to work”.\n\nIn the early hours of the 26th, flanked by the other members of the National Salvation Junta, he read the Junta’s proclamation live from the RTP studios in Lumiar. The Junta appointed him President of the Republic, contrary to what had been agreed with the MFA, which had chosen Costa Gomes. On 28 April he received Mário Soares, back from exile, at the Palácio da Cova da Moura. He was sworn in on 15 May 1974, at the Palácio de Queluz.\n\nHe advocated a controlled democratisation, which was described as “Marcelism without Marcelo” (marcelismo sem Marcelo), and came into conflict with the MFA Coordinating Committee over control of domestic policy and decolonisation. In the summer of 1974 he appealed in his speeches to the “silent majority”, and did so again on 10 September at the Palácio de Belém, at the ceremony recognising the independence of Guinea-Bissau. The demonstration of support called for 28 September, in Belém, was in the end called off by him and banned by the MFA; between 27 and 29 September he tried several times to declare a state of siege and to dismiss the prime minister, Vasco Gonçalves. On 30 September he announced his resignation from the Presidency on RTP.\n\nOn 11 March 1975, after the failed attack on RAL 1 by troops close to him, he fled by helicopter from Air Base No. 3, at Tancos, with fifteen officers, to the base at Talavera la Real, in Spain. He then founded the Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Portugal (MDLP), one of the far-right organisations that, from May 1975, destroyed the offices of left-wing parties and carried out attacks. He died in Lisbon on 13 August 1996.","lugares":[{"lugar":"largo-do-carmo","papel":"Received Marcelo Caetano’s surrender (25 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"pontinha","papel":"Announced at the Command Post that he had taken power (25 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"rtp-lumiar","papel":"Read the proclamation of the National Salvation Junta (26 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"cova-da-moura","papel":"Received Mário Soares on 28 April 1974 and, the next day, the representatives of the banks"},{"lugar":"belem","papel":"The “silent majority” crisis (28 September 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q336884","fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Reunião de Cascais","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/capitaes-em-movimento/reuniao-de-cascais/"},{"titulo":"A Reunião de Óbidos","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/capitaes-em-movimento/reuniao-obidos/"},{"titulo":"28 de Setembro","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/28-de-setembro/"},{"titulo":"Apelos à «maioria silenciosa»","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/28-de-setembro/maioria-silenciosa/"},{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Ricardo Noronha, «Anatomia de um golpe de Estado fracassado: 11 de março de 1975»","editora":"Ler História, n.º 69 (OpenEdition Journals)","url":"https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/2487?lang=pt"},{"titulo":"António de Spínola (Q336884)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336884"},{"titulo":"Os acontecimentos do 11 de Março de 1975","editora":"RTP – Memórias da Revolução (textos de Aniceto Afonso, Carlos Matos Gomes e Maria Inácia Rezola)","url":"https://media.rtp.pt/memoriasdarevolucao/acontecimento/os-acontecimentos-do-11-de-marco-de-1975/"},{"titulo":"RAL 1 – Lisboa","editora":"RTP – Memórias da Revolução (textos de Aniceto Afonso, Carlos Matos Gomes e Maria Inácia Rezola)","url":"https://media.rtp.pt/memoriasdarevolucao/acontecimento/ral-1-lisboa/"}],"por_confirmar":["The time he arrived at the Carmo Barracks on 25 April: at around 17:45 (50th Anniversary Commemorative Commission) or at 18:00 (25 April Association).","The dates and places of birth and death come only from Wikidata.","The full name, António Sebastião Ribeiro de Spínola, which none of the sources on this page gives."]},{"id":"antonio-tereso","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"António Tereso","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":null,"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["car mechanic","PCP activist","political prisoner","driver of the armoured car in the Caxias escape (1961)"],"resumo":"A mechanic imprisoned in Caxias, he posed for months as a “rachado” (turncoat), at the PCP’s request, to prepare the escape of 4 December 1961, and it was with him at the wheel of Salazar’s armoured car that eight prisoners got out of the fort.","texto":"A car mechanic and PCP activist, he was imprisoned in Caxias when José Magro, a party leader with long years in jail behind him, gave him the task of studying the possibilities of escape. To do so he had to pass himself off as a “rachado” (turncoat) — to pretend he had gone over to the jailers’ side — and put up with the contempt of his comrades. He resisted, but accepted. He kept it up for 19 months, Domingos Abrantes recalled in 2021, paying tribute to him as a hero of the anti-fascist resistance.\n\nHe won the trust of the guards and the prison management and, with it, a freedom of movement rare for a prisoner. That is how he found Salazar’s armoured car in the garage, a 1937 Chrysler Imperial, whose repair was entrusted to him. He was about to be released, and his comrades, already sentenced, were to be transferred to Peniche: he had to get the car running, make it a familiar sight in the prison and work out how to bring it into the inner moat, the only place the other prisoners had access to. He also sabotaged the other cars, to prevent a chase.\n\nOn the morning of 4 December 1961 he reversed the Chrysler through the tunnel into the inner moat of the North Redoubt, where the prisoners were pretending to play football during exercise time. At the shout of “Goal!” (Golo!), given by José Magro, seven prisoners got into the car, which smashed through the outer gate and left the prison under fire from the GNR. Escaping with him were António Gervásio, Domingos Abrantes, Francisco Miguel, Guilherme Costa Carvalho, Ilídio Esteves, José Magro and Rolando Verdial.","lugares":[{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Drove the armoured car in the 1961 escape (4 December 1961)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Fuga de Caxias. Dedicação à prova de bala","editora":"URAP – União de Resistentes Antifascistas Portugueses","url":"https://urap.pt/index.php/histria-mainmenu-37/historia/73-fuga-de-caxias-dedicao-prova-de-bala"},{"titulo":"A fuga de Caxias, um acto de resistência antifascista rumo à vitória, foi há 60 anos","editora":"URAP – União de Resistentes Antifascistas Portugueses","url":"https://www.urap.pt/index.php/actividade-mainmenu-29/notcias-mainmenu-35/1169-a-fuga-de-caxias-um-acto-de-resistencia-antifascista-rumo-a-vitoria-foi-ha-60-anos"},{"titulo":"Fuga de Caxias","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/12/04/fuga-de-caxias/"}],"por_confirmar":["His dates of birth and death: the URAP published a note, “Na morte de António Tereso” (On the death of António Tereso), which could not be read."]},{"id":"arajaryr-campos","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Arajaryr Campos","nome_completo":"Arajaryr Canto Moreira Campos","nascimento":{"data":"1930-08-25","local":"Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)"},"morte":{"data":"1965-02-13","local":"near Badajoz (Spain)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["Humberto Delgado’s secretary","opposition activist in exile","murdered by the PIDE"],"resumo":"A Brazilian, Humberto Delgado’s secretary and companion in exile, she was murdered with him by a PIDE squad near Badajoz on 13 February 1965, at the age of 34.","texto":"She was born in Rio de Janeiro on 25 August 1930. About a year after the electoral fraud of 1958 she began working as secretary to Humberto Delgado, then in exile in Brazil. When Delgado left to try to overthrow the dictatorship, he gave her a power of attorney to represent him in Brazil, but she ended up going with him. They entered Portugal clandestinely in the last days of 1961, on the eve of the Beja revolt, and left again after the coup failed.\n\nThen came Prague, where Delgado underwent treatment, and Algeria, where they settled when the Patriotic Front for National Liberation was created. The PIDE set a trap for them, “Operation Autumn” (Operação Outono): on the pretext of a meeting with opposition officers, who were in fact agents of the political police, Delgado and Arajaryr were lured to Spain, near Badajoz. They were murdered on 13 February 1965 by Ernesto Lopes Ramos, António Rosa Casaco, Agostinho Tienza and Casimiro Monteiro; she was 34. The bodies were only found in April, beside a track known as “Los Malos Pasos”, near the Portuguese border.","lugares":[{"lugar":"panteao-nacional","papel":"Her death is remembered together with Delgado’s, whose remains have been in the Pantheon since 1990 (the whereabouts of Arajaryr’s remains have not been confirmed) (5 October 1990)"}],"wikidata":"Q133664326","fontes":[{"titulo":"Arajaryr Canto Moreira Campos (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/arajaryr-canto-moreira-campos/"},{"titulo":"Humberto da Silva Delgado (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/humberto-da-silva-delgado/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"}],"por_confirmar":["The exact place of the ambush: near Badajoz, according to the Aljube Museum; near Olivença, according to the National Pantheon (see Humberto Delgado).","Where her remains are today: the sources give only the transfer of Humberto Delgado’s remains, to Lisbon in 1975 and to the National Pantheon in 1990."]},{"id":"aurora-de-castro-e-gouveia","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Aurora de Castro e Gouveia","nome_completo":"Aurora Teixeira de Castro e Gouveia","nascimento":{"data":"1891","local":"Porto"},"morte":{"data":"1931","local":"Valongo"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["notary, with an office in Alcântara","writer on public affairs","author of two papers at the First Feminist and Education Congress (1924)"],"resumo":"Described as the first Portuguese woman notary, with an office in Alcântara, she presented a paper at the First Feminist and Education Congress, in 1924, that demanded full political equality and the right to vote for Portuguese women.","texto":"Aurora Teixeira de Castro e Gouveia was born in Porto in 1891. She is described as the first Portuguese woman notary. She had a notary’s office in Alcântara, and her abilities earned her a firm place among Lisbon’s notaries.\n\nIn May 1924, at the First Feminist and Education Congress, she presented two papers: “Reivindicações Sociais e Políticas da Mulher Portuguesa na República” (The Social and Political Demands of Portuguese Women in the Republic) and “Situação da Mulher Casada nas Relações Matrimoniais dos Bens do Casal” (The Position of the Married Woman in the Matrimonial Property Relations of the Couple). One of them, daring for its time, demanded full political equality for Portuguese women, “in the name of the principles of a genuine democracy”, and with it the right to vote.\n\nAmong other works she published Notariado Português – sua História, Evolução e Natureza (The Portuguese Notariat: Its History, Evolution and Nature, 1923), Idades legais da mulher (Women’s Legal Ages, 1926) and Reivindicações feministas (Feminist Demands, 1928), and she wrote for Alma Feminina, of the National Council of Portuguese Women. She died in Valongo in 1931. Since 1988, the former Rua 6 in Bairro de Caselas has been called Rua Aurora de Castro, alongside streets named after other women pioneers, such as Carolina Beatriz Ângelo and Virgínia Quaresma.","lugares":[{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"On the organising committee of the First Feminist and Education Congress, which received the papers and correspondence here (1924)"},{"lugar":"palacio-vagos","papel":"Presented two papers at the First Feminist and Education Congress (May 1924)"},{"lugar":"ruas-pioneiras-caselas","papel":"Rua Aurora de Castro is named after her (1988 edict) (20 April 1988)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"A 1ª notária portuguesa numa Rua de Caselas","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2014/05/23/a-1a-notaria-portuguesa-numa-rua-de-caselas/"},{"titulo":"Primeiro Congresso Feminista e de Educação (brochura de divulgação, com a comissão organizadora, as teses e o regulamento)","editora":"Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas — Arquivo de História Social (ICS-ULisboa), Espólio Pinto Quartin","url":"https://ahsocial.ics.ulisboa.pt/primeiro-congresso-feminista-e-de-educacao-conselho-nacional-das-mulheres-portuguesas-lisboa-s-n-1924"}],"por_confirmar":["Whether she was the first Portuguese woman notary, as Toponímia de Lisboa and Wikipedia say, or whether Regina Quintanilha was, as 24 Notícias says (see Regina Quintanilha).","The full dates of birth and death: Toponímia de Lisboa gives only the years, 1891 and 1931.","The address of the notary’s office in Alcântara and the date she was appointed notary.","Which of the two 1924 papers called for the vote: the source says only “one of them”."]},{"id":"aurora-rodrigues","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Aurora Rodrigues","nome_completo":"Aurora Rosa Salvador Rodrigues","nascimento":{"data":"1952-01-20","local":"Vale da Azinheira, Minas de São Domingos (Mértola)"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["law student","MRPP and FEML activist","witness to the murder of Ribeiro Santos","tortured political prisoner"],"resumo":"A law student, she witnessed the murder of Ribeiro Santos in 1972. Arrested in 1973, she was one of the women students most savagely tortured by the political police in Caxias, and she never talked.","texto":"She was born on 20 January 1952 in Vale da Azinheira, in Minas de São Domingos, in the Alentejo; her father was an anarcho-syndicalist. In 1969, aged 17, she came to study at the Lisbon Faculty of Law and drew close to the MRPP. On 12 October 1972 she was in the lecture theatre of Económicas, the economics school, when a PIDE/DGS agent killed the student José António Ribeiro Santos. She then formally joined the MRPP and its student organisation, the Federation of Marxist-Leninist Students.\n\nShe was arrested on 3 May 1973, after a students’ meeting, and taken to Caxias Fort, in strict isolation. The PIDE/DGS subjected her to threats and humiliation, to the “statue” torture, to sixteen consecutive days of sleep torture, to violent beatings and to simulated drowning, plunging her head into a basin of water. She did not talk. Three months later she was released without charge, without trial and without having been able to speak to a lawyer. She was one of the women students most savagely tortured by the political police.\n\nAfter 25 April, she was arrested again on 28 May 1975, in a COPCON operation that detained more than 400 MRPP activists. She left the party in 1977. She told of her experience of torture and prison in the book Gente Comum – Uma História da PIDE (Ordinary People: A History of the PIDE), edited by António Monteiro Cardoso and Paula Godinho, and in 2016 she gave her testimony to the Aljube Museum.","lugares":[{"lugar":"iscef-quelhas","papel":"Witnessed the murder of Ribeiro Santos in the ISCEF lecture theatre (12 October 1972)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned and tortured in Caxias for three months (3 May 1973)"}],"wikidata":"Q106542790","fontes":[{"titulo":"Aurora Rodrigues (testemunho e biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/aurora-rodrigues/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"O assassinato de José Ribeiro Santos","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/primaveras-estudantis/o-assassinato-de-jose-ribeiro-santos/"},{"titulo":"Aurora Rodrigues","editora":"Museu do Aljube – Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/en/doc/aurora-rodrigues-2/"}],"por_confirmar":["Whether she went on to become a magistrate, as the Wikidata description says: none of the text sources mentions it.","The year of publication of “Gente Comum – Uma História da PIDE”."]},{"id":"carlos-albino","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Carlos Albino","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":null,"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["journalist on República","co-author of the programme “Limite”"],"resumo":"A journalist on República and one of the authors of “Limite”, he made sure that “Grândola, Vila Morena” was played on Rádio Renascença as the MFA’s signal, getting round both the station’s own censorship and the official one.","texto":"A journalist on República, he was one of the producers and writers of “Limite”, an independent programme that Rádio Renascença broadcast nationwide. He had done his military service at the Army Psychotechnical Studies Centre, where he had become friends with Carlos Fabião. On 22 March 1974 he learnt that the Movement would need a signal by radio, with national coverage, to set the barracks in motion, and he guaranteed that it would go out on “Limite”.\n\nOn 23 April, Álvaro Guerra, also a journalist on República and the link to Lieutenant Commander Almada Contreiras, asked him for “Venham Mais Cinco”, by José Afonso. Carlos Albino replied that the song was banned by Renascença’s internal censorship, although the official censorship tolerated it, and suggested alternatives — first among them, “Grândola, Vila Morena”. The next day, Guerra brought the final choice: “Grândola”. Albino arranged the broadcast without anyone else on “Limite” knowing of the decision, and as a precaution he bought the record Cantigas de Maio: since December there had been signs that the PIDE was preparing a raid on the programme’s offices, in Praça de Alvalade.\n\nHe then called in Manuel Tomás, the technical and sound manager of “Limite” and the man he trusted most. To get round both censorships — Renascença’s and the official one, a colonel who monitored the broadcasts live and approved the scripts — they agreed the details of the signal kneeling in São João de Brito Church, pretending to pray. Carlos Albino also wrote two texts for the censor to approve, meant to “wrap around” the signal, which Leite de Vasconcelos recorded without knowing what they were for. At 00:20 on 25 April, the first verse of “Grândola” went on air.","lugares":[{"lugar":"radio-renascenca","papel":"Prepared the broadcast of the signal (24 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"jornal-republica","papel":"Journalist on República, link to the MFA (23 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Período pré-revolução (01-01-1973 a 24-04-1974) – cronologia","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/periodo-pre-revolucao-01-01-1973-a-24-04-1974/"},{"titulo":"Preparativos para a transmissão da senha, 23/04/1974 (cronologia)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/timeline/preparativos-para-a-transmissao-da-senha-para-inicio-das-operacoes-3/"},{"titulo":"Preparativos para a transmissão da senha, 24/04/1974 (cronologia)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/timeline/preparativos-para-a-transmissao-da-senha-para-inicio-das-operacoes-4/"},{"titulo":"Preparativos para a transmissão da senha, 24/04/1974 – Igreja de S. João de Brito (cronologia)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/timeline/preparativos-para-a-transmissao-da-senha-para-inicio-das-operacoes-5/"},{"titulo":"MFA – Preparativos para a Acção, 23/04/1974 (Limite)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/timeline/mfa-preparativos-para-a-accao-21/"},{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"}],"por_confirmar":["Carlos Albino’s dates of birth and death and his full name."]},{"id":"carolina-beatriz-angelo","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Carolina Beatriz Ângelo","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1878-04-16","local":"Guarda (parish of São Vicente)"},"morte":{"data":"1911-10-03","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["surgeon and gynaecologist","suffragist","first woman to vote in Portugal","leader in the Republican League of Portuguese Women","president of the Feminist Propaganda Association"],"resumo":"A doctor, the first Portuguese woman surgeon and a suffragist. A widow and “head of household”, she won in court the right to be registered as a voter and, on 28 May 1911, at the Clube Estefânia, became the first woman to vote in Portugal.","texto":"She was born in Guarda in 1878 and came to Lisbon to study: at the Polytechnic School from 1895, then at the Medical-Surgical School, where she completed her degree in 1902. That year she married her cousin Januário Barreto, a doctor and republican; their daughter, Maria Emília, was born in 1903, the year she presented her thesis, “Prolapsos Genitais” (Genital Prolapses). She was the first woman to operate in Portugal, at São José Hospital, with the surgeon Sabino Coelho; she also worked at Rilhafoles, with Miguel Bombarda, and specialised in gynaecology, with a practice at No. 84 Rua Nova do Almada.\n\nIn 1906 she joined, with four other women doctors, among them Adelaide Cabete and Domitila de Carvalho, the Portuguese committee of La Paix et le Désarmement par les Femmes. In Freemasonry, she was initiated into the Humanidade Lodge with the symbolic name “Lígia”. In 1907 she was at the founding of Ana de Castro Osório’s Portuguese Group for Feminist Studies, with Maria Veleda, Sofia Quintino and Adelaide Cabete, and she rose to the leadership of the Republican League of Portuguese Women. With Adelaide Cabete, she secretly made the green and red flags of the revolution of 5 October 1910. Januário Barreto had died that year, a few months before the Republic; the funeral left from the couple’s home, on Rua do Sol ao Rato, for the Prazeres Cemetery.\n\nThe electoral law of 14 March 1911 gave the vote to those over 21 who could read and write or were heads of household, without saying they had to be men. Carolina and Ana de Castro Osório argued for the vote for women who were educated and who worked; others, such as Maria Veleda, would accept it only without restrictions. Out of this disagreement within the League came the Feminist Propaganda Association, in 1911, which she founded with Ana de Castro Osório and of which she was president. A widow, with a daughter in her care, she applied to be entered on the electoral register on 1 April. The registration committee and the Ministry of the Interior turned her down, and she appealed to the courts. Judge João Baptista de Castro, father of Ana de Castro Osório, ruled in her favour, in a judgment that the newspaper A Capital published on 29 April: to exclude her “merely for being a woman” was “simply absurd and iniquitous”.\n\nOn 28 May 1911, at the São Jorge de Arroios polling station, set up in the Clube Estefânia, the presiding officer still consulted the polling board on whether he should accept her vote, and one voter protested. At the second call, her name rang out — “It’s me!” (Sou eu!), she answered — and she voted, as voter No. 2513, to applause. She then said that, if she were ever elected, she would know how to fulfil her mandate. She was the first woman to vote in Portugal and in southern Europe. The news went round the world, and foreign journalists came to Portugal to interview her.\n\nShe died a few months later, on 3 October 1911, aged 33: she was taken ill on the tram, on her way back from a meeting “of feminist ladies, which she had chaired”, and died on the stairs of her home, reported the newspaper A Luta. A freethinker, she had asked for a civil funeral, “and democratic in every respect”. In 1913, the new electoral law required voters to be male; women’s suffrage only returned in 1931, and restrictions on voting on grounds of sex only fell after 25 April. In 1988, the City Council named a street in Bairro de Caselas after her.","lugares":[{"lugar":"clube-estefania","papel":"Voted at the São Jorge de Arroios polling station, set up in the Clube Estefânia (28 May 1911)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Appeal to be registered as a voter, decided by the judge of the 1st Civil Court (place to be confirmed) (April 1911)"},{"lugar":"consultorio-carolina-beatriz-angelo","papel":"Gynaecology practice (1909 advertisement)."},{"lugar":"casa-carolina-beatriz-angelo","papel":"The couple’s home; her husband’s wake in 1910 (1909–1910)"},{"lugar":"hospital-de-sao-jose","papel":"First woman to operate at São José (c. 1902–1903)"},{"lugar":"liga-republicana-mulheres","papel":"Leader in the Republican League of Portuguese Women (1909–1911)"},{"lugar":"ruas-pioneiras-caselas","papel":"Rua Carolina Ângelo is named after her (1988 edict) (20 April 1988)"}],"wikidata":"Q2817246","fontes":[{"titulo":"A rua lisboeta da primeira mulher que votou em Portugal","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2013/03/08/no-dia-mundial-da-mulher/"},{"titulo":"Carolina: por entre os itinerários da memória e da ciência (Gaudium Sciendi, n.º 2, julho de 2012)","editora":"Isabel Lousada / Universidade Católica Portuguesa","url":"https://scucp.ucp.pt/pt-pt/asset/381/file"},{"titulo":"Carolina Beatriz Ângelo","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/Carolina-Beatriz-Angelo.aspx"},{"titulo":"O sufrágio feminino no Parlamento na 1.ª República (ComunicAR n.º 71, março de 2021)","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://app.parlamento.pt/comunicar/v1/202103/71/artigos/art5.html"},{"titulo":"Carolina Beatriz Ângelo: um legado com 110 anos","editora":"FCSH+Lisboa (NOVA FCSH)","url":"https://maislisboa.fcsh.unl.pt/carolina-beatriz-angelo-um-legado-com-110-anos/"},{"titulo":"Ângelo, Carolina Beatriz (1878-1911) — Dicionário de Médicos Portugueses","editora":"Unidade de História da Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da UNL (projeto de estudantes)","url":"https://medicosportugueses.blogs.sapo.pt/6263.html"},{"titulo":"Carolina Beatriz Ângelo","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Beatriz_%C3%82ngelo"},{"titulo":"A sufragista pragmática: Carolina Beatriz Ângelo (1911)","editora":"Sinal Aberto","url":"https://sinalaberto.pt/a-sufragista-pragmatica-carolina-beatriz-angelo-1911/"}],"por_confirmar":["The year of birth: 1878 (Dicionário de Médicos Portugueses, Isabel Lousada, FCSH, Wikipedia) or 1877 (Toponímia de Lisboa).","The day of death: 3 October 1911 (Dicionário de Médicos Portugueses, FCSH, Wikipedia), 2 October (Toponímia de Lisboa) or 13 October (Assembly of the Republic). Wikipedia says she died “at around 2 in the morning”, which may explain the date of the 2nd.","The year she joined the Humanidade Lodge: 1906 (FCSH, drawing on Isabel Lousada) or 1907 (Toponímia de Lisboa).","Her post in the Republican League of Portuguese Women: vice-president (Toponímia de Lisboa) or substitute board member (Dicionário de Médicos Portugueses).","In which court the appeal over her registration was heard; none of the sources says where.","Where she is buried: in a tomb in the Prazeres Cemetery, according to Wikipedia; no other source confirms it."]},{"id":"cecilia-supico-pinto","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Cecília Supico Pinto","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1921"},"morte":{"data":"2011"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["founder and leader of the National Women’s Movement (pro-regime)","editor of the magazine “Guerrilha”"],"resumo":"In 1961 she founded the National Women’s Movement, which put women at the service of the regime in the colonial war — war godmothers, aerogrammes — and maintained that the Estado Novo (“New State”) already guaranteed them the rights they needed. Sophia de Mello Breyner drew on her for the short story “Retrato de Mónica”.","texto":"The wife of Luís Supico Pinto, a former minister of Salazar’s, she created the National Women’s Movement after the shock caused by the seizure of the liner Santa Maria. The movement was officially born on 28 April 1961, Salazar’s birthday, and had the government’s support.\n\nThe movement organised women in support of the colonial war in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea. One of its first initiatives was the “war godmothers” (madrinhas de guerra), who gave moral and material support to soldiers and their families. In July 1961 the Deputy Under-Secretary of State for National Defence deemed it the right body to supply and distribute the military aerogrammes: between 1961 and 1974, the movement issued more than 300 million of them. Cecília Supico Pinto also edited Guerrilha, a monthly magazine for soldiers.\n\nThe movement never called for changes in women’s place in Portuguese society; it wanted to show that the regime already guaranteed them the rights they needed. It lasted until 1974.\n\nSophia de Mello Breyner Andresen drew on her for the short story “Retrato de Mónica” (Portrait of Mónica), which she published in 1962 in Contos Exemplares (Exemplary Tales). Cecília Supico Pinto died in 2011.","lugares":[{"lugar":"belem","papel":"Recebida no palácio por Américo Tomás, com a comissão da «Hora Voluntária de Trabalho» do Movimento Nacional Feminino (1966)"}],"wikidata":"Q16592870","fontes":[{"titulo":"Movimento Nacional Feminino","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_Nacional_Feminino"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Contos Exemplares","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contos_Exemplares"},{"titulo":"Cecília Supico Pinto","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cec%C3%ADlia_Supico_Pinto"},{"titulo":"Américo Tomás recebe Movimento Nacional Feminino (Noticiário Nacional, 18 de maio de 1966)","editora":"RTP Arquivos","url":"https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/americo-tomas-recebe-movimento-nacional-feminino/"}],"por_confirmar":["The days and places of birth and death come only from Wikidata and Wikipedia: 30 May 1921, in Lisbon (parish of Mártires), and 25 May 2011 — in Cascais, according to Wikipedia.","That “Retrato de Mónica” was inspired by her is stated only by Wikipedia, with no source cited.","The headquarters of the National Women’s Movement in Lisbon: Rua Presidente Arriaga, 6, according to Wikipedia, with no other source."]},{"id":"celeste-caeiro","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Celeste Caeiro","nome_completo":"Celeste Martins Caeiro","nascimento":{"data":"1933-05-02","local":"Lisbon (parish of Socorro)"},"morte":{"data":"2024-11-15","local":"Leiria"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["restaurant worker","the woman of the carnations of 25 April","employee of the Sir restaurant","“Celeste dos cravos” (Celeste of the carnations)"],"resumo":"She worked in a restaurant on Rua Braamcamp and, on the morning of 25 April 1974, gave a carnation to a soldier who had asked her for a cigarette. He put it in the barrel of his rifle, and the gesture gave the revolution its name.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon, in the parish of Socorro, in May 1933. In 1974 she was 40, lived in the Chiado and worked at the Sir, a self-service restaurant opened in April 1973 in the Franjinhas Building, on Rua Braamcamp.\n\nOn 25 April 1974 the restaurant was a year old, and the owners had bought carnations to give to the women customers. With the revolution out on the streets, it did not open, and the flowers were given to the women staff. Celeste went down to the Baixa. On Rua do Carmo, on the way to Largo do Carmo, a soldier asked her for a cigarette; she did not smoke, so she gave him a carnation — “you can give a carnation to anyone”, she recalled. He put it in the barrel of his rifle. She said she must have given out about six carnations that morning. The soldier was never identified.\n\nIn April 2024, for the 50th anniversary of 25 April, she joined the parade on Avenida da Liberdade in a wheelchair, with her granddaughter, carnations in hand. She died on 15 November 2024, in Leiria hospital, aged 91.","lugares":[{"lugar":"franjinhas","papel":"Worked at the Sir restaurant (25 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"rua-do-carmo","papel":"Gave the carnations to the soldiers (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q16337118","fontes":[{"titulo":"Celeste e Guilhermina: a flor do acaso (António Araújo, 28/7/2024)","editora":"Diário de Notícias","url":"https://www.dn.pt/6872466510/celeste-e-guilhermina-a-flor-do-acaso/"},{"titulo":"Morreu Celeste Caeiro, a mulher que distribuiu cravos aos militares no 25 de Abril. Tinha 91 anos","editora":"Observador","url":"https://observador.pt/2024/11/15/morreu-celeste-caeiro-a-mulher-distribuiu-cravos-aos-militares-no-25-de-abril-tinha-91-anos/"},{"titulo":"25 de Abril. Celeste Caeiro, a mulher que pintou Lisboa e o país de cravos","editora":"A Mensagem de Lisboa","url":"https://amensagem.pt/2024/11/16/morreu-celeste-caeiro-cravos-revolucao/"},{"titulo":"Celeste Caeiro","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeste_Caeiro"},{"titulo":"Celeste Caeiro","editora":"Wikipédia (inglês)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeste_Caeiro"},{"titulo":"Onde eu estava há 50 anos por... Celeste Caeiro","editora":"Diário de Notícias","url":"https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/onde-eu-estava-ha-50-anos-por-celeste-caeiro"},{"titulo":"«Fui para ao pé do soldado e digo assim: 'Olhe, não tenho cigarros mas tenho aqui este cravinho'»: Celeste Caeiro (1933-2024)","editora":"CNN Portugal","url":"https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/celeste-caeiro/celeste-dos-cravos/fui-para-o-pe-do-soldado-e-digo-assim-olhe-nao-tenho-cigarros-mas-tenho-aqui-este-cravinho-celeste-caeiro-1933-2024-umas-das-historias-mais-bonitas-da-nossa-democracia/20241115/67377b9bd34ea1acf270ac33"},{"titulo":"Celeste Caeiro (Q16337118)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16337118"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of birth: 2 May 1933 (Diário de Notícias, Wikipedia, Wikidata) or 3 May (Observador).","The exact spot where she handed over the carnation (see Rua do Carmo).","Her job at the restaurant: “waitress and seamstress” (A Mensagem de Lisboa); other accounts say only that she worked at the restaurant.","The posthumous decoration by the President of the Republic (8 March 2025), mentioned in a headline in Público that could not be read."]},{"id":"cesina-bermudes","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Cesina Bermudes","nome_completo":"Cesina Borges Adães Bermudes","nascimento":{"data":"1908-05-20","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"2001-12-09","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["obstetrician","pioneer of “painless childbirth”","signatory of the MUD lists","leader of the National Democratic Women’s Movement","political prisoner"],"resumo":"An obstetrician and pioneer of “painless childbirth” in Portugal. She campaigned for Norton de Matos in 1949, on the Central Committee of the National Democratic Women’s Movement, and for that she was imprisoned in Caxias and barred from teaching at the Faculty of Medicine.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon on 20 May 1908, the daughter of the writer Félix Bermudes. She graduated from the Lisbon Faculty of Medicine in 1932, was an assistant in Anatomy and General Practice at the Lisbon Civil Hospitals and specialised in obstetrics in 1937. She obtained her doctorate in 1947, with a mark of 19 out of 20 for her dissertation. She was the first Portuguese woman to earn a doctorate in obstetrics.\n\nIn 1945 she signed the lists of the Movement of Democratic Unity (MUD) and argued for a Women’s Committee to be formed within it. In Norton de Matos’s campaign in the 1949 presidential election she sat on the Central Committee of the National Democratic Women’s Movement, with Maria Lamas and Isabel Aboim Inglez, and spoke at several rallies. In a speech in Santarém she set out the demands of the Feminist Committee: “abolition of the regulation of prostitution, equal pay for equal work, legal equality for both sexes […] and universal suffrage”. On 7 February 1949 she attended the delegates’ assembly, at the António José de Almeida Republican Centre, which decided that the candidate would not go to the polls. A photograph of 10 February shows her at the Lisbon rally at the Voz do Operário, with Maria Lamas and Manuel João da Palma Carlos.\n\nOn 14 October 1949 she was arrested for being on the movement’s Central Committee and taken to Caxias Fort, which she left on 14 January 1950. Her opposition to the regime cost her her university career: she was not allowed to take up her tenured teaching post and, barred from teaching at the Faculty of Medicine, she began teaching childcare at industrial schools.\n\nIn 1954 she went to Paris to study new childbirth techniques. On her return she promoted in medical journals the psychoprophylactic method, the so-called “painless childbirth”, which she pioneered in Portugal with the obstetrician Pedro Monjardino. In 1989 she was made a Commander of the Order of Liberty, and she died in Lisbon in December 2001. Since an edict of 24 September 2009, a street in the Pólo Tecnológico de Lisboa, in Carnide, has borne her name.","lugares":[{"lugar":"voz-do-operario","papel":"Rally of Norton de Matos’s campaign (10 February 1949)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned in Caxias Fort until 14 January 1950 (14 October 1949)"}],"wikidata":"Q19704367","fontes":[{"titulo":"A Rua Cesina Adães Bermudes e o parto sem dor","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (blogue da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2015/03/31/a-rua-de-cesina-adaes-bermudes-do-parto-sem-dor/"},{"titulo":"Cesina Bermudes","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesina_Bermudes"},{"titulo":"Candidatura de Norton de Matos [...] comício de Lisboa (Voz do Operário). Maria Lamas, Manuel João da Palma Carlos e Cesina Bermudes – fotografia (cota 04654.000.026)","editora":"Casa Comum – Fundação Mário Soares e Maria Barroso","url":"https://casacomum.org/visualizador?cota=04654.000.026"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of death: 5 December 2001 (Wikipedia) or 9 December (Wikidata).","The year she graduated: 1932 (Toponímia de Lisboa) or 1933 (CIG; Wikipedia wavers between the two).","Her pioneering doctorate: the CIG says she was the first Portuguese woman with a doctorate in obstetrics; Wikipedia, that she was the second woman to earn a doctorate at the Lisbon Faculty of Medicine, after Domitila de Carvalho."]},{"id":"clarisse-guerra","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Clarisse Guerra","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":null,"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["announcer of the MFA’s 14:30 communiqué (25 April 1974)"],"resumo":"At around 14:30 on 25 April 1974 she read, on Rádio Clube Português, the MFA communiqué announcing the objectives taken and the siege of Marcelo Caetano in the Carmo Barracks — a communiqué “now read by a woman”.","texto":"In the early hours of 25 April 1974, Rádio Clube Português became the voice of the Armed Forces Movement (MFA): at 04:26, Joaquim Furtado read the first communiqué there. At around 14:30, the station broadcast another, read by Clarisse Guerra. It reported the objectives already taken and the siege of Marcelo Caetano and members of the government in the Carmo Barracks.\n\nWhile the communiqué was on the radio, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, from the Command Post, was pressing Salgueiro Maia to force Caetano’s surrender. The Commemorative Commission for the 50th Anniversary of 25 April stresses that this communiqué was “now read by a woman”.","lugares":[{"lugar":"radio-clube-portugues","papel":"Read an MFA communiqué at around 14:30 (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Cronologia do 25 de Abril, por Jofre Alves (blogue Abril de Novo, 2010), na Biblioteca Digital do CD25A","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/Artigos/APP_CX22_48_CRONOLOGIA%20DO%2025%20DE%20ABRIL_Jofre%20Alves.pdf"}],"por_confirmar":["Who Clarisse Guerra was: her dates of birth and death, her career and whether she was an announcer at Rádio Clube Português.","What exactly the communiqué said: the siege of the Carmo Barracks (25 April Association, Commemorative Commission) or the ultimatum for Marcelo Caetano’s surrender (Jofre Alves’s chronology)."]},{"id":"conceicao-matos","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Conceição Matos","nome_completo":"Maria da Conceição Rodrigues de Matos Abrantes","nascimento":{"data":"1936","local":"São Pedro do Sul"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["factory worker","PCP activist and underground full-time party worker","political prisoner","member of the National Commission for Aid to Political Prisoners"],"resumo":"A communist activist arrested in 1965 and in 1968, she suffered at the PIDE headquarters some of the cruellest and most humiliating torture methods used on a woman, and never talked. Decades later, she spoke about it publicly to denounce the political police.","texto":"She was born in São Pedro do Sul in 1936 and at the age of three moved with her family to Barreiro, to a “wooden shack” in Bairro das Palmeiras. She began her activism in the MUD Juvenil, brought in by her brother, Alfredo Matos; in the 1950s she met Domingos Abrantes, her future partner, and joined the PCP. They lived underground for years, as full-time party workers.\n\nAt around four in the morning on 21 April 1965, a PIDE squad accompanied by GNR guards broke down the door of the house where they lived, in Montijo. Conceição had time to burn the party papers. She was held at home until nightfall, while the agents waited for Domingos, who was also arrested, and was then taken to the PIDE headquarters on Rua António Maria Cardoso. There she was beaten for several days, stripped, forced to urinate and defecate in the interrogation room and to clean the floor with the clothes she was wearing. Her PIDE file records only that she “was taken into the Caxias Prisoners’ Depot”: not a word about the torture.\n\nIn Caxias she learnt to decode the taps on the wall with which prisoners in neighbouring cells communicated. When they asked her whether she had talked and she answered no, the reply came from the other side: “Courage today, hugs tomorrow” (Coragem hoje, abraços amanhã). They showed her a letter, which they said Domingos had written, asking her to talk; she never believed it. “Anyone who looks at that file knows I never talked to the police”, she said later. She spent a year and a half in prison. Released in 1966, she joined the National Commission for Aid to Political Prisoners; in September 1968 she was arrested again and spent two months and a few days in total isolation in Caxias.\n\nIn 1969 she officially married Domingos Abrantes in Peniche prison. He was released in March 1973 and, in February 1974, they left clandestinely for Paris, to work in the party’s organisation among emigrants. They returned on 30 April 1974, alongside Álvaro Cunhal, on the “Freedom plane”, which landed at Lisbon airport.\n\nIn 1977 she was a prosecution witness at the trials of agent Madalena Oliveira and inspector Tinoco, of the PIDE. Retired by then as a full-time PCP worker, almost four decades after her arrest she agreed to talk to the media about the days of torture — not for personal reasons, but because she thought it important to denounce the regime’s political police.","lugares":[{"lugar":"sede-pide","papel":"Interrogated and tortured at the PIDE headquarters after her arrest (21 April 1965)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned in Caxias (1965–1966) and again, in isolation, in 1968 (21 April 1965)"},{"lugar":"peniche","papel":"Married Domingos Abrantes in Peniche prison (1969)"}],"wikidata":"Q94115906","fontes":[{"titulo":"Maria da Conceição Rodrigues de Matos","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memorial2019.org/presos/maria-da-conceicao-rodrigues-de-matos"},{"titulo":"Domingos Abrantes e Maria da Conceição Matos (testemunho e biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/domingos-abrantes-maria-da-conceicao-matos/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Conceição Matos","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Matos"}],"por_confirmar":["When they left for Paris: in February 1974 (Aljube Museum, in Domingos Abrantes’s biography; Wikipedia) or as early as 1973, after his release (a possible reading of Memória Comum and of her biography at the Aljube Museum).","When her second imprisonment ended: Memória Comum speaks of two months and a few days in isolation in Caxias; Wikipedia says she was only released in mid-1969.","The day and month of birth: the sources give only the year, 1936."]},{"id":"francisco-da-costa-gomes","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Costa Gomes","nome_completo":"Francisco da Costa Gomes","nascimento":{"data":"1914-06-30","local":"Chaves"},"morte":{"data":"2001-07-31","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["general","Chief of the Armed Forces General Staff","member of the National Salvation Junta","President of the Republic (1974–1976)"],"resumo":"Chosen by the captains as a prestigious leader, he was a member of the National Salvation Junta, succeeded Spínola as President in September 1974, declared a state of siege on 25 November 1975 and promulgated the 1976 Constitution.","texto":"He was born in Chaves in 1914. At the Óbidos meeting, in December 1973, the captains wanted to choose prestigious leaders for the Movement, and he received the most votes. He was then Chief of the Armed Forces General Staff. In March 1974 he was dismissed, together with his deputy, António de Spínola, shortly after both had stayed away from the ceremony of the “Rheumatic Brigade” (Brigada do Reumático) at the Palácio de São Bento. After 25 April he was a member of the National Salvation Junta, which was presented to the country from the RTP studios on 26 April.\n\nWhen Spínola resigned, on 30 September 1974, he became President of the Republic. On 2 June 1975 he spoke at the opening session of the Constituent Assembly, advocating a “multi-party socialism”. On 25 November 1975 he directed, from the Palácio de Belém, the response to the paratroopers’ action and declared a state of siege in the Lisbon region. On 2 April 1976 he promulgated the Constitution. He died in Lisbon in 2001.","lugares":[{"lugar":"rtp-lumiar","papel":"Present when the National Salvation Junta was presented (26 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"belem","papel":"The President’s command post on 25 November (25 November 1975)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Promulgated the Constitution (2 April 1976)"}],"wikidata":"Q348880","fontes":[{"titulo":"Reunião de Cascais","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/capitaes-em-movimento/reuniao-de-cascais/"},{"titulo":"Período pré-revolução (01-01-1973 a 24-04-1974) – cronologia","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/periodo-pre-revolucao-01-01-1973-a-24-04-1974/"},{"titulo":"A Reunião de Óbidos","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/capitaes-em-movimento/reuniao-obidos/"},{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"28 de Setembro","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/28-de-setembro/"},{"titulo":"A eleição da Assembleia Constituinte","editora":"RTP – Memórias da Revolução (textos de Aniceto Afonso, Carlos Matos Gomes e Maria Inácia Rezola)","url":"https://media.rtp.pt/memoriasdarevolucao/acontecimento/a-eleicao-da-assembleia-constituinte/"},{"titulo":"25 de Novembro de 1975","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/25-de-novembro-50-anos-depois/25-de-novembro-de-1975/"},{"titulo":"Francisco da Costa Gomes (Q348880)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q348880"},{"titulo":"Constituição da República Portuguesa – texto originário, aprovado em 2 de abril de 1976","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/parlamento/documents/crp1976.pdf"}],"por_confirmar":["The day and place of birth (Chaves, 30 June 1914) and of death (Lisbon, 31 July 2001) come only from Wikidata."]},{"id":"deolinda-lopes-vieira","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Deolinda Lopes Vieira","nome_completo":"Deolinda Lopes Vieira Pinto Quartin","nascimento":{"data":"1888-07-08","local":"Beja"},"morte":{"data":"1993-06-06","local":"Lisbon (São Mamede)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["primary school teacher and nursery teacher","teacher at Workshop School No. 1 (Graça)","leader of the National Council of Portuguese Women","Freemason, founder of the Humanidade Lodge (1923)"],"resumo":"A primary school teacher and nursery teacher, she taught at Workshop School No. 1, in Graça, a school of libertarian inspiration; she sat on the organising committee of the First Feminist and Education Congress, in 1924, and on the board of the National Council of Portuguese Women.","texto":"She was born in Beja in 1888 and came to Lisbon at the age of 12. She trained at the Lisbon Primary Teacher Training School, whose women’s section was in Largo do Calvário, in Alcântara. In 1910 she began teaching at Workshop School No. 1, in Largo da Graça, a school of anarchist and libertarian inspiration.\n\nA Freemason, she took part in introducing into Portugal a branch of the French mixed Freemasonry Le Droit Humain (The Human Right) and was, in 1923, one of the founders of its Humanidade Lodge, in Lisbon, where she took the symbolic name of Maria Amália Vaz de Carvalho. She sat on the organising committee of the First Feminist and Education Congress, which met in May 1924 in the great hall of the Lisbon Commercial Employees’ Mutual Aid Association. In 1928, the year of the Second Congress, she was on the board of the National Council of Portuguese Women. She died in Lisbon in 1993, aged 104.","lugares":[{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"On the organising committee of the First Feminist and Education Congress, which received the papers and correspondence here (1924)"},{"lugar":"palacio-vagos","papel":"Member of the organising committee of the First Congress (May 1924)"}],"wikidata":"Q9057034","fontes":[{"titulo":"Deolinda Lopes Vieira","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deolinda_Lopes_Vieira"},{"titulo":"[2502.] Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas || Direcção - 1928","editora":"Silêncios e Memórias (blogue)","url":"https://silenciosememorias.blogspot.com/2021/02/3012-conselho-nacional-das-mulheres.html"},{"titulo":"Primeiro Congresso Feminista e de Educação (brochura de divulgação, com a comissão organizadora, as teses e o regulamento)","editora":"Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas — Arquivo de História Social (ICS-ULisboa), Espólio Pinto Quartin","url":"https://ahsocial.ics.ulisboa.pt/primeiro-congresso-feminista-e-de-educacao-conselho-nacional-das-mulheres-portuguesas-lisboa-s-n-1924"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of death: 6 June 1993, according to Wikipedia; 8 June, according to João Esteves (Silêncios e Memórias).","The exact address of Workshop School No. 1, in Largo da Graça.","Whether the great hall where the 1924 congress met was that of the Palácio Vagos, which has belonged to the association since 1913.","Whether the Humanidade Lodge she helped to found in 1923, within Le Droit Humain, is the same one into which Maria Clara Correia Alves had earlier been initiated, within the Grande Oriente Lusitano: the Wikipedia biographies of the two women do not say."]},{"id":"diana-andringa","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Diana Andringa","nome_completo":"Diana Marina Dias Andringa","nascimento":{"data":"1947-08-21","local":"Dundo (Chitato), Angola"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["medical student","student activist","journalist","documentary maker","political prisoner"],"resumo":"A journalist and documentary maker born in Angola. A medical student active in the committees supporting political prisoners, she was arrested in 1970 for contacts with the Angolan liberation movements and sentenced by the Lisbon Plenary Court.","texto":"She was born on 21 August 1947 in Dundo, Angola, into a conservative family sympathetic to the regime, and settled permanently in Portugal in 1958. In 1964 she entered the Lisbon Faculty of Medicine, which she would leave for journalism, and that year she took part in her first demonstration, demanding the release of Saldanha Sanches. After the arrests of January 1965 she stepped up her political activity: demonstrations, Political Prisoners’ Support Committees, posters and bulletins.\n\nIn 1968 she took the Journalists’ Union’s first journalism course and joined the magazine Vida Mundial, where the censors cut an article of hers on the colonial war in Angola. She had contacts with activists from the Angolan liberation movements and, after some of them were arrested in Angola, she was arrested in January 1970, at the advertising agency where she worked. She spent two and a half months in isolation in Caxias.\n\nTried at the Lisbon Plenary Court in February and March 1971, she was sentenced to 20 months in prison and was released in September. Later that year she returned to the Diário de Lisboa. She went on to a career at RTP, RDP, the Diário de Notícias and Público, and made several documentaries on the anti-fascist and anti-colonial resistance. One of them, 12 de Outubro de 1972: O Dia em que Perdemos o Medo (12 October 1972: The Day We Lost Our Fear, 2022), tells of the repercussions of the murder of Ribeiro Santos.","lugares":[{"lugar":"cidade-universitaria","papel":"Student at the Lisbon Faculty of Medicine and participant in the student movement (1964)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Two and a half months in isolation in Caxias (January 1970)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Tried at the Lisbon Plenary Court and sentenced to 20 months in prison (February 1971)"},{"lugar":"sede-censura","papel":"Article on the colonial war in Angola cut by the censors (year not given; while she was working at Vida Mundial)."},{"lugar":"legiao-portuguesa","papel":"Author of the RTP programme in which the chairman of the committee that wound up the Legion spoke about it (1999)"}],"wikidata":"Q10266032","fontes":[{"titulo":"Diana Andringa (testemunho e biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/diana-andringa/"},{"titulo":"Diana Andringa","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Andringa"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Acabou-se a Legião","editora":"RTP Ensina","url":"https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/acabou-se-a-legiao/"}],"por_confirmar":[]},{"id":"domingos-abrantes","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Domingos Abrantes","nome_completo":"Domingos Abrantes Ferreira","nascimento":{"data":"1936-01-19","local":"Vila Franca de Xira"},"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["leader of the MUD Juvenil","full-time party worker and leader of the PCP","political prisoner","escapee from Caxias (1961)"],"resumo":"A communist leader, he was one of the eight prisoners who escaped from Caxias in Salazar’s armoured car, in 1961. Arrested in 1959 and again in 1965, he withstood PIDE torture without talking.","texto":"He was born in Vila Franca de Xira on 19 January 1936. A leader of the MUD Juvenil, he became a full-time worker and later a leader of the PCP. Arrested for the first time in 1959, he spent months in the “curros” (isolation cells) of the Aljube.\n\nOn 4 December 1961 he was in Caxias, among the PCP leaders awaiting transfer to Peniche, when he escaped, with seven other prisoners, in Salazar’s armoured car, driven by António Tereso.\n\nHe went back underground, on the south bank of the Tagus. On 21 April 1965, the PIDE lay in wait for him at the house where he lived with Conceição Matos, in Montijo, and arrested them both. The PIDE tried on him what it had tried on her — making him believe that the other had talked — before torturing him; he never talked. He married Conceição Matos in Peniche prison in 1969 and was released on 23 March 1973.\n\nIn February 1974 he went back underground and left with Conceição Matos for Paris, to work in the party’s organisation among emigrants. They returned to Portugal on 30 April 1974, on the plane carrying Álvaro Cunhal. In 2021, by then a Councillor of State, he spoke at the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the escape, beside the sculpture at Caxias, as the “only survivor of the escape”, and recalled that it had been carried out “in broad daylight and under fire from the GNR”.","lugares":[{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Months in the “curros” after his 1959 arrest."},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Escape in Salazar’s armoured car; imprisoned again from 1965 (4 December 1961)"},{"lugar":"peniche","papel":"Marriage to Conceição Matos in the prison (1969)"}],"wikidata":"Q22958314","fontes":[{"titulo":"Domingos Abrantes e Maria da Conceição Matos (testemunho e biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/domingos-abrantes-maria-da-conceicao-matos/"},{"titulo":"Maria da Conceição Rodrigues de Matos","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memorial2019.org/presos/maria-da-conceicao-rodrigues-de-matos"},{"titulo":"A fuga de Caxias, um acto de resistência antifascista rumo à vitória, foi há 60 anos","editora":"URAP – União de Resistentes Antifascistas Portugueses","url":"https://www.urap.pt/index.php/actividade-mainmenu-29/notcias-mainmenu-35/1169-a-fuga-de-caxias-um-acto-de-resistencia-antifascista-rumo-a-vitoria-foi-ha-60-anos"},{"titulo":"Fuga de Caxias","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/12/04/fuga-de-caxias/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"}],"por_confirmar":["When he left for Paris: in February 1974, according to Domingos Abrantes’s biography at the Aljube Museum, or as early as 1973, according to Conceição Matos’s on the same page."]},{"id":"domitila-de-carvalho","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Domitila de Carvalho","nome_completo":"Domitila Hormizinda Miranda de Carvalho","nascimento":{"data":"1871-04-10","local":"Travanca (Santa Maria da Feira)"},"morte":{"data":"1966-11-11","local":"Lisbon (Prazeres)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["first woman to attend the University of Coimbra","doctor","teacher and headmistress of the Liceu D. Maria Pia","poet","deputy in the National Assembly (1935–1942)"],"resumo":"The first woman to attend the University of Coimbra, she graduated in Mathematics, Philosophy and Medicine and was a teacher and headmistress of the first girls’ secondary school (liceu). A monarchist and conservative who supported nascent Salazarism, she was one of the first three women deputies, elected in 1934 on the National Union lists.","texto":"She was born in Travanca, in the municipality of Santa Maria da Feira, in 1871. She was the first woman to attend the University of Coimbra, where she took degrees in Mathematics, Philosophy and Medicine. In 1906 she joined, with four other women doctors — Adelaide Cabete, Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, Emília Patacho and Maria do Carmo Lopes — the Portuguese committee of the French association La Paix et le Désarmement par les Femmes.\n\nShe practised medicine in Lisbon, at the National Assistance for Tuberculosis Patients, but chose teaching: she was a teacher and headmistress of the Liceu D. Maria Pia, the country’s first girls’ secondary school (liceu), which would later be called Liceu Maria Amália Vaz de Carvalho.\n\nA monarchist and conservative, she embraced the principles of the Estado Novo (“New State”) and stood out in the small elite of women who supported nascent Salazarism; being a monarchist, she acted as go-between for Salazar and the former Queen Amélia, with whom she corresponded. In the elections of 16 December 1934 she was elected on the National Union lists and, with Maria Cândida Parreira and Maria Guardiola, became one of the first three Portuguese women deputies. She sat in the National Assembly for two legislatures, from 1935 to 1942. It was not the First Republic, which had denied women the right to vote and to be elected, that opened Parliament to them: it was Salazar’s regime, albeit in a very restricted way, because it saw them as a means of building and spreading the ideology of the Estado Novo.\n\nIn the Assembly, she spoke on infant mortality and was behind the compulsory courses in general hygiene and childcare in girls’ secondary schools. In the debate on Carneiro Pacheco’s education reform, in 1936, she argued for a compulsory crucifix in primary schools, against secular education. She died in Lisbon, in the parish of Prazeres, in 1966.","lugares":[{"lugar":"liceu-maria-amalia-vaz-de-carvalho","papel":"Teacher and headmistress of the Liceu D. Maria Pia / Maria Amália."},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"One of the first three women deputies (1935)"}],"wikidata":"Q10268173","fontes":[{"titulo":"Um olhar sobre a participação feminina na Assembleia Nacional: a deputada Virgínia Faria Gersão (Faces de Eva, n.º 47)","editora":"Susana Fontes e Sónia Coelho / Faces de Eva (SciELO Portugal)","url":"https://scielo.pt/pdf/eva/n47/0874-6885-eva-47-77.pdf"},{"titulo":"Domitila de Carvalho","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitila_de_Carvalho"},{"titulo":"A rua lisboeta da primeira mulher que votou em Portugal","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2013/03/08/no-dia-mundial-da-mulher/"}],"por_confirmar":["The years she was headmistress of the Liceu D. Maria Pia: from its foundation, in 1906, to November 1912, according to Wikipedia; the other sources give no dates.","The years of the two legislatures: 1935–1942 (Faces de Eva) or 1934–1938 and 1938–1941 (Wikipedia). Faces de Eva is followed here.","The political portrait — monarchist, conservative, go-between for Salazar and the former Queen Amélia — and the position on the crucifix in schools, in 1936, come only from Wikipedia."]},{"id":"elina-guimaraes","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Elina Guimarães","nome_completo":"Elina Júlia Chaves Pereira Guimarães (Elina Guimarães da Palma Carlos)","nascimento":{"data":"1904-08-08","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"1991-06-24","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["jurist and writer","leader of the National Council of Portuguese Women","editor of “Alma Feminina” (1929–1930)","forerunner of “legal feminism”","opposition activist (MUD)"],"resumo":"A jurist and feminist, a leader of the National Council of Portuguese Women until the Estado Novo (“New State”) closed it down in 1947. A forerunner of “legal feminism”, she championed votes for women, co-education and the rights of working women, and was part of the democratic opposition.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon in 1904, the daughter of Vitorino Guimarães, an Army officer, teacher and minister of the First Republic. Afonso Costa called her a “woman of the future”. While still a student, she challenged in the magazine Vida Académica what Júlio Dantas had written about women; she graduated in Law in Lisbon in 1926, with a mark of 18 out of 20. In 1928 she married Adelino da Palma Carlos, a fellow student since secondary school, who in 1974 would head the first government after 25 April.\n\nInvited by Adelaide Cabete, she joined the National Council of Portuguese Women, where she was secretary-general (1927), vice-president of the board (1928, 1929 and 1931), head of the legal and suffrage sections and editor of the magazine Alma Feminina (1929–1930). A forerunner of “legal feminism”, she defined it as the current that “imposes and advocates the equality of the sexes before the law”. At the Second Feminist and Education Congress, in 1928, she argued in her paper “Protecção à mulher trabalhadora” (Protection for the working woman) that women should receive part of their wages during the compulsory rest before and after childbirth, and that pregnancy should not be grounds for ending an employment contract. She also chaired the executive committee of the national subscription opened by the newspaper O Rebate for the families of political prisoners, deportees and exiles.\n\nIn 1931 she was among those who protested to the Minister of Public Instruction against the end of co-education in primary schools. She wrote in the press about women’s rights, as far as the censors allowed, and published O Poder Maternal (Maternal Authority, 1933) and A Lei em que Vivemos (The Law We Live Under, 1937), on the law in women’s lives. In 1946 she was elected vice-president of the Council’s general assembly, and was in office when the Estado Novo closed it down, in 1947, at its Amoreiras headquarters.\n\nIn the opposition, she joined the MUD in 1945, took part in the Aveiro Republican Congress, in 1969, and in the Congress of the Democratic Opposition, in 1973, sitting on its national committee. After 25 April she chaired the League for Women’s Civic Rights. In 1985, at the close of the International Decade for Women, President Ramalho Eanes made her an Officer of the Order of Liberty. She died in Lisbon on 24 June 1991; in November that year, the City Council named a street in Santa Clara after her.","lugares":[{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"Leader of the CNMP, headquartered in Restauradores (1927–1931)"},{"lugar":"cnmp-amoreiras","papel":"Vice-president of the CNMP general assembly when it was closed down (1947)"}],"wikidata":"Q10271905","fontes":[{"titulo":"A Rua Elina Guimarães, Mulher de Liberdade","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2017/07/27/a-rua-elina-guimaraes-a-mulher-de-liberdade/"},{"titulo":"Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselho_Nacional_das_Mulheres_Portuguesas"},{"titulo":"[2502.] Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas || Direcção - 1928","editora":"Silêncios e Memórias (blogue)","url":"https://silenciosememorias.blogspot.com/2021/02/3012-conselho-nacional-das-mulheres.html"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Elina Guimarães","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Guimar%C3%A3es"}],"por_confirmar":["Her full name: “Elina Júlia Pereira Guimarães da Palma Carlos” (Toponímia de Lisboa, Wikipedia) or “Elina Júlia Chaves Pereira Guimarães” (CIG).","The year of the article against Júlio Dantas in “Vida Académica”: 1922 (Toponímia de Lisboa) or 1925 (Wikipedia).","When she joined the National Council of Portuguese Women: at 20, around 1924 (Toponímia de Lisboa), or in 1925 (Silêncios e Memórias; the CIG gives 1925 as the year she joined the feminist movement)."]},{"id":"emidio-santana","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Emídio Santana","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1906-07-04","local":"Lisbon (Santa Engrácia)"},"morte":{"data":"1988-10-16","local":"Lisbon (São Domingos de Benfica)"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["metalworker","anarcho-syndicalist","general secretary of the National Metalworkers’ Union","perpetrator of the attack on Salazar (1937)","political prisoner"],"resumo":"A metalworker and anarcho-syndicalist, he was one of the perpetrators of the bomb attack on Salazar on Avenida Barbosa du Bocage, in 1937. He fled to England, was handed over to the Portuguese police and was not released from prison until 1953.","texto":"He was born in Lisbon, in the parish of Santa Engrácia, in 1906. As a child he attended Workshop School No. 1, a modern school following the principles of the educationalist Francisco Ferrer. He was active in the Syndicalist Youth and was general secretary of the National Metalworkers’ Union, affiliated to the General Confederation of Labour (CGT). After the coup of 28 May 1926 he continued his union activity underground. He was arrested several times — once in Elvas Fort — and deported to the Azores in 1932. In 1936 he represented the Portuguese CGT at the congress of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, in Spain.\n\nHe was one of the perpetrators of the bomb attack on Salazar, on the morning of 4 July 1937, as the dictator was going to Mass at the private chapel of his friend Josué Trocado, on Avenida Barbosa du Bocage. The bomb, hidden in a sewer, exploded in the wrong direction and Salazar was unhurt. The attack, usually attributed to anarchists such as Emídio Santana, is thought to have been prepared in liaison with other elements of the Popular Front, notably the PCP.\n\nWanted by the political police, he fled to the United Kingdom, but the English police arrested him in Southampton and sent him to Portugal. On 19 October 1937 he was admitted to Aljube Prison, “for inquiries”, and then passed through the penitentiaries of Lisbon and Coimbra. On 15 January 1939, the Special Military Court sentenced him to eight years in prison, followed by twelve of banishment. He was not released until 23 May 1953. In all, he was arrested four times.\n\nIn 1965 he chaired the board of the Lisbon Tenants’ Association, and in the 1969 elections he spoke on trade union issues at opposition rallies. After 25 April he edited the newspaper A Batalha and published História de um atentado: o atentado a Salazar (The Story of an Attack: the Attack on Salazar, 1976). He died in Lisbon in 1988.","lugares":[{"lugar":"barbosa-du-bocage","papel":"Bomb attack on Salazar (4 July 1937)"},{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Admitted to the prison “for inquiries”, after the attack on Salazar (19 October 1937)"},{"lugar":"penitenciaria-lisboa","papel":"Held in the Lisbon Penitentiary, imprisoned for the attack on Salazar (after October 1937)"}],"wikidata":"Q10272592","fontes":[{"titulo":"Emídio Santana","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C3%ADdio_Santana"},{"titulo":"Atentado a Salazar","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2026/07/04/atentado-a-salazar/"},{"titulo":"Legião Vermelha","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legi%C3%A3o_Vermelha"},{"titulo":"Emídio Santana","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/emidio-santana"}],"por_confirmar":["Emídio Santana’s role in the attack: Wikipedia names him as one of the perpetrators; the Aljube Museum speaks of an attack “usually attributed” to anarchists like him, in liaison with other elements of the Popular Front; Memória Comum speaks of a mixed group — Lisbon taxi drivers, anarchist leaders, “most notably Emídio Santana”, and some PCP activists acting individually.","Whether he actually served the sentence of banishment, and where: the 1939 sentence gave, as an alternative, 25 years of banishment in a “first-class possession”, and the sources say only that he passed through the penitentiaries of Lisbon and Coimbra and was released in 1953.","Much of the biography comes from Wikipedia, which draws on Emídio Santana’s own memoirs and on his papers in the Arquivo Histórico-Social; his time in prison is confirmed by Memória Comum."]},{"id":"estevao-giro","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Estêvão Giro","nome_completo":"Estêvão José Dangues Giro","nascimento":{"data":"1937","local":"Alcochete"},"morte":{"data":"1962-05-01","local":"Lisbon (Rua da Madalena / Largo do Caldas)"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["printer","demonstrator on May Day 1962"],"resumo":"A printer from Alcochete, he was killed by the police at the age of 25, in Lisbon’s Baixa, during the May Day demonstration of 1962.","texto":"He was born in Alcochete in 1937. He was a printer, lived in his home town and is thought to have been linked to the PCP.\n\nOn May Day (1 May) 1962, at the height of the student crisis, workers and students demonstrated in Lisbon’s Baixa against the dictatorship. In the area of Rua da Madalena and Largo do Caldas, near the Aljube, the police fired bursts of machine-gun fire at the demonstrators, and Estêvão Giro was fatally hit. He was 25.","lugares":[{"lugar":"largo-do-caldas","papel":"Killed by the police during the May Day demonstration (1 May 1962)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Estêvão José Dangues Giro (Alcochete, 1937 – Lisboa, 01-05-1962)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/estevao-jose-dangues-giro/"},{"titulo":"Manifestação de apoio a Eurico Figueiredo","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2026/06/20/manifestacao-de-apoio-a-eurico-figueiredo/"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of birth: the Aljube Museum gives only the year, 1937.","The exact spot where he fell: on Rua da Madalena or in Largo do Caldas."]},{"id":"eurico-figueiredo","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Eurico de Figueiredo","nome_completo":"Eurico José Palheiros de Carvalho Figueiredo","nascimento":{"data":"1939-03-24","local":"Vila Real"},"morte":{"data":"2025-12","local":"Porto"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["leader of the medical students in the 1962 academic crisis","proposer of the 1962 hunger strike","political prisoner","exile","psychiatrist"],"resumo":"A charismatic leader of the medical students, he proposed the hunger strike of May 1962; while he was held in the Aljube, demonstrations demanding his release were put down by the police.","texto":"At 16 he joined the MUD Juvenil (Youth Movement of Democratic Unity) and at 18 the PCP, and he took part in Humberto Delgado’s presidential campaign. As chairman of the Pro-Association Committee of the Lisbon Medical Students, he was one of the figures of the 1962 academic crisis. It was at his suggestion that a general assembly approved a new form of protest: the hunger strike, which 81 students began on 9 May in the Cidade Universitária canteen.\n\nNominated as secretary-general of the RIA (Inter-Association Meetings), he never took office, because he had been expelled from the University of Lisbon. On 28 May 1962 he was arrested and taken to the Aljube. After the “luto académico” (academic mourning) was suspended, in June, the protest continued mainly around his imprisonment. On 20 June, a demonstration of support that was meant to end outside the prison was broken up by a riot police charge near the cathedral, and the students went on to the Baixa shouting “Freedom! Autonomy!” (Liberdade! Autonomia!). He was released after further demonstrations, which the police charged once again.\n\nTransferred to the University of Coimbra, in 1963 he took part in founding the Movimento Sindical Estudantil (Student Union Movement). In 1965 he went into exile in Switzerland, and he later broke with the PCP. After 25 April he came back and joined the PS, for which he was a deputy in the Assembly of the Republic; a psychiatrist, he was a professor in Porto and director of the Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences. He died in Porto in December 2025.","lugares":[{"lugar":"cantina-velha","papel":"Proposes the hunger strike in the canteen (May 1962)"},{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Imprisoned in the Aljube (28 May 1962)"},{"lugar":"se-de-lisboa","papel":"A demonstration in his support is broken up near the cathedral (20 June 1962)"}],"wikidata":"Q115309624","fontes":[{"titulo":"Manifestação de apoio a Eurico Figueiredo","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2026/06/20/manifestacao-de-apoio-a-eurico-figueiredo/"},{"titulo":"A Crise Académica de 1962: A Greve de Fome","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/primaveras-estudantis/a-greve-de-fome/"},{"titulo":"Eurico Figueiredo","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurico_Figueiredo"},{"titulo":"Crise académica de 1962","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_acad%C3%A9mica_de_1962"}],"por_confirmar":["The year he broke with the PCP: Wikipedia says 1967 and links it to the invasion of Czechoslovakia, which was in August 1968.","The day and place of birth, 24 March 1939, in Vila Real, come only from Wikidata; the other sources do not give them."]},{"id":"fernanda-botelho","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Fernanda Botelho","nome_completo":"Maria Fernanda Botelho de Faria","nascimento":{"data":"1926-12-01","local":"Porto"},"morte":{"data":"2007-12-11","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["writer","translator","juror for the SPE’s Grand Prize for Fiction (1965)","defence witness in the trial over “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” (New Portuguese Letters)"],"resumo":"A novelist, she was the only woman on the jury of the Portuguese Society of Writers that gave a prize to “Luuanda”, by Luandino Vieira, in 1965 — the prize that led to the dissolution of the society and the imprisonment of three of the jurors.","texto":"She was born in Porto in 1926. She studied Classical Philology at the universities of Coimbra and Lisbon and settled in Lisbon. She was a co-founder of the magazine Távola Redonda, made her debut with Coordenadas Líricas (Lyrical Coordinates) in 1951, and received the Camilo Castelo Branco Prize in 1960.\n\nIn May 1965 she was the only woman on the jury — with Alexandre Pinheiro Torres, Augusto Abelaira, João Gaspar Simões and Manuel da Fonseca — that gave the Grand Prize for Fiction of the Portuguese Society of Writers to Luuanda, by Luandino Vieira, who was then a prisoner at Tarrafal. The five jurors were questioned by the PIDE, and Pinheiro Torres, Abelaira and Manuel da Fonseca were imprisoned; the government dissolved the society, whose headquarters were raided and wrecked. Twenty-five years later, Fernanda Botelho told RTP that she had never expected the controversy, let alone the regime’s reaction, and that she had voted on literary, not political, grounds.\n\nShe was one of the defence witnesses for the authors of Novas Cartas Portuguesas (New Portuguese Letters), at the trial held at the Boa-Hora Court in 1973–1974. She died in Lisbon in 2007.","lugares":[{"lugar":"spe","papel":"Juror for the prize given to “Luuanda”; questioned by the PIDE (May 1965)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Defence witness in the “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” case (1973)"}],"wikidata":"Q3392561","fontes":[{"titulo":"Breve memorial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Escritores (SPE)","editora":"Associação Portuguesa de Escritores","url":"http://www.apescritores.pt/APE/Historia_APE.pdf"},{"titulo":"Como a PIDE destruiu a Sociedade Portuguesa de Escritores","editora":"RTP Ensina","url":"https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/como-a-pide-destruiu-a-sociedade-portuguesa-de-escritores/"},{"titulo":"Fernanda Botelho","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_Botelho"},{"titulo":"Novas Cartas Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (ponto de partida)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novas_Cartas_Portuguesas"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of birth (1 December 1926) and of death (11 December 2007) come only from Wikipedia and Wikidata.","At which session of the “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” trial she gave evidence: Wikipedia names her among the defence witnesses, without a date."]},{"id":"fernando-giesteira","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Fernando Giesteira","nome_completo":"Fernando Carvalho Giesteira","nascimento":{"data":"1955-08-03","local":"Salto, Montalegre"},"morte":{"data":"1974-04-25","local":"Rua António Maria Cardoso, Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["waiter","victim of the DGS on 25 April 1974"],"resumo":"An 18-year-old waiter from Trás-os-Montes, he was the youngest of the four civilians killed by DGS gunfire on Rua António Maria Cardoso, at the end of the day on 25 April 1974.","texto":"He was born in Salto, Montalegre, on 3 August 1955, the son of Amândio Gomes Giesteira and Emília de Carvalho. He grew up in Vreia de Jales, Vila Pouca de Aguiar, and in 1972 moved to Lisbon, where he worked nights as a waiter at the Cova da Onça nightclub.\n\nOn 25 April 1974, after a night’s work, he is thought to have gone to join the crowds following the coup. At the end of the day he was among those demanding the surrender of the political police outside the DGS headquarters, on Rua António Maria Cardoso. The agents fired from the windows into the crowd; Fernando Giesteira was hit and died there, aged 18, the youngest of those killed that day. The identity of whoever fired is still unknown.\n\nHe was buried in Vreia de Jales. In 1980, a group of citizens put up a plaque by the former headquarters with the names of the four dead, on which his appears as “Fernando C. Gesteira”.","lugares":[{"lugar":"sede-pide","papel":"Killed by DGS gunfire (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q139854393","fontes":[{"titulo":"Fernando Carvalho Giesteira (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/fernando-carvalho-giesteira/"},{"titulo":"Fernando Giesteira, o transmontano vítima da PIDE/DGS no dia 25 de Abril de 74","editora":"7Margens","url":"https://setemargens.com/fernando-giesteira-o-transmontano-vitima-da-pide-dgs-no-dia-25-de-abril-de-74/"},{"titulo":"Esta semana, e sempre, a rua lembra os quatro homens assassinados pela PIDE/DGS","editora":"Time Out Lisboa (1/4/2024)","url":"https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/noticias/esta-semana-e-sempre-a-rua-lembra-os-quatro-homens-assassinados-pela-pide/dgs-040124"},{"titulo":"Os mortos pela PIDE em 25 de Abril","editora":"Esquerda.net","url":"https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/os-mortos-pela-pide-em-25-de-abril/86048"},{"titulo":"Os que ficaram pelo caminho (lista, páginas 1 a 7)","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/os-que-ficaram-pelo-caminho"},{"titulo":"Placa da ex-sede da PIDE: reposta mas em local escondido","editora":"Esquerda.net (29/12/2009)","url":"https://www.esquerda.net/content/placa-da-ex-sede-da-pide-reposta-mas-em-local-escondido"}],"por_confirmar":["His age and home town: 18 and from Salto, Montalegre, according to the Aljube Museum and 7Margens, which matches the date of birth; 17 and from Vila Pouca de Aguiar, according to Esquerda.net (Memória Comum also says 17).","His father’s name: Amândio Gomes Giesteira, according to the Aljube Museum; Armando Gomes Giesteira, according to 7Margens."]},{"id":"fernando-reis","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Fernando Reis","nome_completo":"Fernando Luís Barreiros dos Reis","nascimento":{"data":"1950-11-16","local":"Arranhó, Arruda dos Vinhos"},"morte":{"data":"1974-04-25","local":"Lisbon (probably the Estrela Military Hospital)"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["soldier in the 1st Disciplinary Company of Penamacor","victim of the DGS on 25 April 1974"],"resumo":"A 23-year-old soldier on leave in Lisbon, he was one of the four people killed when the DGS fired on the crowd on Rua António Maria Cardoso, on the night of 25 April 1974.","texto":"He was born on 16 November 1950 in Arranhó, in the municipality of Arruda dos Vinhos. At 11 he entered the Casa Pia, where he studied until 1967. In 1974 he was a soldier in the 1st Disciplinary Company of Penamacor, a unit that the Estado Novo (“New State”) used to punish soldiers and opponents accused of indiscipline.\n\nOn 25 April he was reportedly on leave in Lisbon, and he followed the events in the streets. At the end of the day he was among the crowd that, outside the DGS headquarters on Rua António Maria Cardoso, was demanding the surrender of the political police. The agents fired from the windows and killed four people: Fernando Reis, Fernando Giesteira, João Arruda and José Barneto. Fernando Reis was 23 and had two children; he is thought to have died at the Estrela Military Hospital. To this day, no one knows who fired.","lugares":[{"lugar":"sede-pide","papel":"Killed by DGS gunfire (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Fernando Luís Barreiros dos Reis (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/fernando-luis-barreiros-dos-reis/"},{"titulo":"Esta semana, e sempre, a rua lembra os quatro homens assassinados pela PIDE/DGS","editora":"Time Out Lisboa (1/4/2024)","url":"https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/noticias/esta-semana-e-sempre-a-rua-lembra-os-quatro-homens-assassinados-pela-pide/dgs-040124"},{"titulo":"Os mortos pela PIDE em 25 de Abril","editora":"Esquerda.net","url":"https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/os-mortos-pela-pide-em-25-de-abril/86048"}],"por_confirmar":["The place of death: “by all indications” the Estrela Military Hospital, according to the Aljube Museum.","His place of birth and age: Arranhó, Arruda dos Vinhos, and 23, according to the Aljube Museum; Lisbon and 24, according to the newspaper “O Século” of 28 April 1974, cited by Esquerda.net."]},{"id":"fernando-sottomayor","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Fernando Sottomayor","nome_completo":"Fernando Gomes Sottomayor","nascimento":null,"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["officer of the 7th Cavalry Regiment","refused to fire on Salgueiro Maia on 25 April 1974"],"resumo":"An officer of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, at the Ribeira das Naus on 25 April 1974 he refused Brigadier Junqueira dos Reis’s order to fire on Salgueiro Maia, and was placed under arrest for it.","texto":"Fernando Gomes Sottomayor was an officer of the 7th Cavalry Regiment. On the morning of 25 April 1974 he was in command of the two M47 tanks that Brigadier Junqueira dos Reis, at the head of the forces loyal to the government, sent forward along Avenida da Ribeira das Naus against the column of Salgueiro Maia.\n\nWhen Maia came forward with a white handkerchief, the brigadier ordered Sottomayor to open fire on him. Sottomayor refused and was immediately placed under arrest. The tank gunners refused too, and the troops and the tanks ended up going over to the side of the MFA.","lugares":[{"lugar":"rua-do-arsenal","papel":"Refused to fire at the Ribeira das Naus (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Cronologia do 25 de Abril, por Jofre Alves (blogue Abril de Novo, 2010), na Biblioteca Digital do CD25A","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/Artigos/APP_CX22_48_CRONOLOGIA%20DO%2025%20DE%20ABRIL_Jofre%20Alves.pdf"}],"por_confirmar":["His rank: officer cadet (aspirante), according to the 25 April Association and the Commemorative Commission for the 50th Anniversary of 25 April; conscript second lieutenant (alferes miliciano), according to the chronology by Jofre Alves, which gives his full name.","His dates of birth and death, and what happened to him after 25 April."]},{"id":"helena-cabecadas","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Helena Cabeçadas","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1947","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["activist in the secondary-school students’ association movement","political prisoner (1965)","exile in Belgium","anthropologist"],"resumo":"Watched by the PIDE from the age of 12, she was active in the secondary-school students’ association movement. Arrested in 1965 and expelled from every school in the country, she went into exile alone, in Belgium, at 17.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon in 1947, the great-niece of Admiral Mendes Cabeçadas and the daughter of an anti-Salazar Catholic. She had been watched by the PIDE since the age of 12. At 14 she followed the 1962 academic crisis, and in the 1962–1963 school year she joined the Pro-Association Committee of the secondary schools (liceus) and the PCP.\n\nShe was arrested in 1965: questioned by the rector of the University, sent to the Civil Government building and held in Caxias. She was prevented from finishing her last year of secondary school and was expelled from every school in the country.\n\nForced into exile, she left alone for Belgium at 17 and lived there for ten years. She remained committed to the anti-fascist struggle, worked with Portuguese emigrants and graduated in Social Sciences (Anthropology) from the Free University of Brussels. In 1968 she was in Paris, where she lived through May ’68; that year she broke with the PCP. Her exile ended with 25 April.","lugares":[{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Held in Caxias (1965)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Helena Cabeçadas","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/helena-cabecadas/"}],"por_confirmar":["Which secondary school she attended: the Aljube Museum’s record mentions the Liceu D. Filipa de Lencastre and the Liceu Rainha D. Leonor, without saying which."]},{"id":"helena-neves","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Helena Neves","nome_completo":"Maria Helena Augusto das Neves Gorjão","nascimento":{"data":"1945-06-17","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["journalist","teacher","political prisoner","activist in women’s movements","deputy in the Assembly of the Republic (Left Bloc)"],"resumo":"A journalist and opposition activist, she was a prisoner in Caxias when 25 April came. The photograph of her release, with the journalist Elvira Nereu, appeared in “A Capital” on 27 April 1974.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon on 17 June 1945. She joined the PCP at 17, while still at secondary school (liceu). At the Faculty of Letters she helped organise strikes and demonstrations, and at one of them a PIDE agent struck her with the butt of his gun. Suspended and without her grant, she went to teach at the Academia de Santo Amaro.\n\nIn the Lisbon district she helped found a democratic women’s electoral movement, and she was on the first board of the Women’s Electoral Committee. She was active in the CDE when she was arrested, in 1969. Barred from teaching, she turned to journalism: she wrote for the Diário Feminino, the Diário de Lisboa, Modas e Bordados and República, where she coordinated the supplement “Presença da Mulher” (Women’s Presence). In 1973 she stood as a candidate on the CDE/CEUD lists and was arrested again by the PIDE/DGS.\n\nAt the beginning of April 1974 she was a prisoner in Caxias Fort. She came out with the revolution: on 27 April, the newspaper A Capital published a photograph of the release, in Caxias, of the journalists Helena Neves and Elvira Nereu. She left the PCP in the early 1990s and was a deputy in the Assembly of the Republic for the Left Bloc (Bloco de Esquerda).","lugares":[{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Political prisoner released in April 1974 (April 1974)"},{"lugar":"jornal-republica","papel":"Coordinated the “Presença da Mulher” supplement of “República”"}],"wikidata":"Q17496463","fontes":[{"titulo":"Helena Neves (testemunho)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/helena-neves/"},{"titulo":"Álvaro Arranja, «A libertação dos presos políticos na revolução de Abril»","editora":"Esquerda.net","url":"https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/libertacao-dos-presos-politicos-na-revolucao-de-abril/74011"},{"titulo":"Helena Neves (Q17496463)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17496463"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of her release: 25 April (Aljube Museum) or the early hours of the 27th, when the prisoners left Caxias (the press of the time, cited by Esquerda.net).","In which years she was a deputy in the Assembly of the Republic."]},{"id":"helena-pato","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Helena Pato","nome_completo":"Maria Helena Martins dos Santos Pato Noales Rodrigues","nascimento":{"data":"1939-04-19","local":"Mamarrosa (Aveiro)"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["teacher","student leader (1962 crisis)","PCP activist","political prisoner","leader of the Não Apaguem a Memória (Do Not Erase Memory) movement"],"resumo":"A student leader in the 1962 academic crisis, she was arrested in 1967 and suffered long isolation, beatings and sleep torture in Caxias. She later led the Não Apaguem a Memória (Do Not Erase Memory) movement.","texto":"She was born on 19 April 1939 in Mamarrosa, in the district of Aveiro; her father had been under surveillance by the political police and her grandfather had been imprisoned. In 1956 she entered the Faculty of Sciences and joined the MUD Juvenil (Youth Movement of Democratic Unity). As a student leader, she took part in the 1962 academic crisis and was detained for 48 hours.\n\nAfter May Day 1962, her husband, Alfredo Noales, left for Paris, and she joined him shortly afterwards. Ill with a fatal lymphoma, Noales asked the PIDE for permission to come back to Portugal to die. On arrival, in November 1965, he was taken straight to the PIDE headquarters, which he left only hours later; he died a month afterwards.\n\nIncreasingly active in the PCP and in the Commission for Aid to Political Prisoners, she was arrested in June 1967 and taken to Caxias. Suspected of links to the armed struggle, she suffered long isolation, beatings and sleep torture, until she was released in November that year. She later took part in founding the Democratic Women’s Movement.\n\nAfter 25 April she was on the founding committee of the teachers’ union and, later, led the Não Apaguem a Memória movement. On 25 April 2010 she spoke, as a former political prisoner, at the unveiling of the plaque marking the former PIDE/DGS headquarters on Rua António Maria Cardoso.","lugares":[{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned, held in isolation and subjected to sleep torture (June 1967)"},{"lugar":"sede-pide","papel":"Her husband was taken to the headquarters on his return to Portugal; in 2010 she spoke at the unveiling of the municipal plaque (November 1965)"}],"wikidata":"Q101243024","fontes":[{"titulo":"Helena Pato (testemunho e biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/maria-helena-pato-3/"},{"titulo":"Inauguração da placa sinalizadora junto à antiga sede da PIDE/DGS","editora":"Caminhos da Memória (blogue ligado ao movimento Não Apaguem a Memória, 27/4/2010)","url":"https://caminhosdamemoria.wordpress.com/2010/04/27/11635/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"}],"por_confirmar":["The year the Democratic Women’s Movement was founded: 1969 (Helena Pato’s biography at the Aljube Museum) or 1968 (Isabel do Carmo’s biography at the same museum)."]},{"id":"helena-roseta","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Helena Roseta","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1947"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["architect","co-founder of the Botequim","deputy in the Constituent Assembly (PPD)"],"resumo":"An architect and progressive Catholic, she spoke on housing at the Opposition Congress in Aveiro and was detained by the PIDE in 1973. A co-founder of the Botequim and a deputy in the Constituent Assembly, in 1982 she gave up her seat in order to vote, against her parliamentary group, for an amnesty for political prisoners.","texto":"Before 25 April she was involved in civic movements that grew out of the Catholic Church and was a leader of the Catholic Student Youth (Juventude Escolar Católica). In 1973 she spoke on housing at the 3rd Congress of the Democratic Opposition, in Aveiro, and that year she was detained by the PIDE.\n\nShe was one of the founders of the Botequim, the bar that Natália Correia opened in Graça in 1971, with Isabel Meireles and Júlia Marenha.\n\nAfter 25 April she joined the Popular Democratic Party, for which she was elected in 1975 as a deputy to the Constituent Assembly and, in 1976, to the Assembly of the Republic. She was one of the 27 women who sat in the Constituent Assembly, out of a total of 327 deputies. In 1982 she gave up her seat because she had supported, on grounds of conscience and against the line of her parliamentary group, an amnesty for the political prisoners of the Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat and the Revolutionary Brigades. Later, in 1998, she was a driving force behind the “Sim pela Tolerância” (Yes for Tolerance) movement, in the referendum on decriminalising the voluntary termination of pregnancy.","lugares":[{"lugar":"botequim","papel":"Co-founder of the Botequim (1971)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Deputy in the Constituent Assembly (1975–1976)"}],"wikidata":"Q10294464","fontes":[{"titulo":"Natália Correia: todas as personalidades num botequim (19/4/2017)","editora":"FCSH+Lisboa – NOVA FCSH","url":"https://maislisboa.fcsh.unl.pt/natalia-correia-todas-as-personalidades-num-botequim/"},{"titulo":"Natália Correia (13/9/2020)","editora":"Museu do Aljube – Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/en/2020/09/13/natalia-correia-2/"},{"titulo":"As mulheres na Constituinte de 1975-1976","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/As-mulheres-na-constituinte-75-76.aspx"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"O Essencial sobre Natália Correia (Luiz Fagundes Duarte)","editora":"Imprensa Nacional, 2024","url":"https://imprensanacional.pt/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/O-Essencial-sobre-Natalia-Correia_IN.pdf"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"}],"por_confirmar":["Whether she was one of the founders of the Botequim: so say FCSH+Lisboa and the Aljube Museum; the chronology in “O Essencial sobre Natália Correia” (Imprensa Nacional, 2024) gives the bar as the property of a partnership between Natália Correia and Isabel Meyrelles, and does not name her."]},{"id":"humberto-delgado","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Humberto Delgado","nome_completo":"Humberto da Silva Delgado","nascimento":{"data":"1906-05-15","local":"Boquilobo (Brogueira), Torres Novas"},"morte":{"data":"1965-02-13","local":"near Badajoz / Villanueva del Fresno (Spain)"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["soldier and aviator, Air Force general","founder of TAP","opposition candidate in the 1958 presidential election","exile","murdered by the PIDE"],"resumo":"The “Fearless General” (general sem medo): a man of the regime who went over to the opposition, he stood for the Presidency in 1958, answered “Obviously, I’ll sack him!” (Obviamente, demito-o!) when asked what he would do with Salazar, and drew crowds. The PIDE murdered him in 1965.","texto":"He was born in Boquilobo, Torres Novas, on 15 May 1906. An artillery officer and aviator, he took part in the coup of 28 May 1926 and held prominent posts in the Estado Novo (“New State”), in the Portuguese Legion and in the Portuguese Youth (Mocidade Portuguesa). He founded Transportes Aéreos Portugueses in 1945 and was military attaché in Washington. From the 1940s onwards his dissent deepened, until in 1958 he emerged as “the Fearless General” (o general sem medo).\n\nThat year he was the opposition candidate in the presidential election, after Arlindo Vicente withdrew in his favour. On 10 May, at a press conference at the Café Chave d'Ouro, he was asked what he would do with Salazar if he were elected. He replied: “Obviously, I’ll sack him!” (Obviamente, demito-o!) The campaign drew crowds, beginning in Porto, on 14 May. In Lisbon, the GNR charged his supporters when he arrived at Santa Apolónia, and the violence was repeated after the rally in the gymnasium of the Liceu Camões, on 18 May. The regime resorted to fraud, and on 8 June Américo Tomás was declared elected.\n\nDismissed, he sought asylum at the Brazilian Embassy and left for Brazil in April 1959. In exile he followed the preparations for the seizure of the liner Santa Maria and, in the last days of 1961, on the eve of the Beja revolt, he entered Portugal clandestinely. In 1963 he passed through Czechoslovakia and Algeria.\n\nThe PIDE lured him into a trap. On 13 February 1965, near Badajoz, a political police squad murdered him, together with his secretary, the Brazilian Arajaryr Campos. He was buried in Spain; his remains were moved to Lisbon in 1975 and, on 5 October 1990, to the National Pantheon.","lugares":[{"lugar":"chave-douro","papel":"Press conference: “Obviously, I’ll sack him!” (10 May 1958)"},{"lugar":"santa-apolonia","papel":"Arrival from Porto; the crowd is charged by the GNR (16 May 1958)"},{"lugar":"liceu-camoes","papel":"Rally in the school gymnasium (18 May 1958)"},{"lugar":"panteao-nacional","papel":"Remains moved to the National Pantheon (5 October 1990)"},{"lugar":"legiao-portuguesa","papel":"Held prominent posts in the Portuguese Legion before going over to the opposition (not confirmed that he worked in this building)."},{"lugar":"palacio-independencia","papel":"Held prominent posts in the Portuguese Youth (Mocidade Portuguesa), whose headquarters were in the Palácio da Independência (link to the building not confirmed)."}],"wikidata":"Q551999","fontes":[{"titulo":"Humberto da Silva Delgado (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/humberto-da-silva-delgado/"},{"titulo":"Candidatura de Humberto Delgado – uma jornada de resistência","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/05/15/candidatura-de-humberto-delgado-uma-jornada-de-resistencia/"},{"titulo":"Delgado: Um vendaval varreu o País (João Paulo Guerra)","editora":"esquerda.net","url":"https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/dossier-delgado-um-vendaval-varreu-o-pais/35847"},{"titulo":"O general sem medo","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/havera-eleicoes-1975/o-general-sem-medo/"},{"titulo":"Humberto Delgado","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Delgado"},{"titulo":"Discurso proferido pelo Sr. General Humberto Delgado [...] no Ginásio do Liceu de Camões (cota 04959.043.029)","editora":"Casa Comum – Fundação Mário Soares e Maria Barroso","url":"https://casacomum.org/visualizador?cota=04959.043.029"},{"titulo":"Humberto Delgado (Homenageados)","editora":"Panteão Nacional – Museus e Monumentos de Portugal","url":"https://www.panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/humberto-delgado"},{"titulo":"Honras do Panteão","editora":"Assembleia da República – newsletter Comunicar (nov. 2021)","url":"https://app.parlamento.pt/comunicar/v1/202111/77/artigos/art3.html"},{"titulo":"Trasladação dos restos mortais de Humberto Delgado","editora":"RTP Arquivos","url":"https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/trasladacao-dos-restos-mortais-de-humberto-delgado/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"}],"por_confirmar":["The place of death: Badajoz (Aljube Museum, 50th Anniversary Commemorative Commission) or near Olivença (National Pantheon; Wikipedia is more precise: Los Almerines, near São Rafael de Olivença). The bodies were not found until April 1965, at Villanueva del Fresno.","The day he arrived at Santa Apolónia: 16 May 1958, the date chosen for the plaque unveiled at the station in 2008, or 15 May, “the day after” Porto, according to the Aljube Museum.","When his dissent began: from the 1940s (Aljube Museum) or in the 1950s (50th Anniversary Commemorative Commission)."]},{"id":"maria-isabel-aboim-inglez","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Isabel Aboim Inglez","nome_completo":"Maria Isabel Hahnemann Saavedra de Aboim Inglês","nascimento":{"data":"1902-01-07","local":"Lisbon (Rua Nova do Loureiro, Bairro Alto, former parish of Mercês)"},"morte":{"data":"1963-03-07","local":"Lisbon (Santa Maria Hospital)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["teacher","founder and head of the Colégio Fernão de Magalhães","member of the CNMP and of the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace","first woman on the Central Committee of the MUD","political prisoner"],"resumo":"A teacher and feminist, the first woman on the Central Committee of the MUD, whom José Gomes Ferreira called “the Indomitable” (a Indomável). The regime closed her school, barred her from teaching and arrested her several times.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon on 7 January 1902. She graduated in Historical and Philosophical Sciences from the Lisbon Faculty of Letters, where she was a teaching assistant, and in 1938 she founded the Colégio Fernão de Magalhães, where she taught and was head. A widow from 1942, with five children, she then began to be persecuted: the Minister of Education vetoed her name at the Faculty and, in 1945, she was dismissed for political reasons.\n\nIn the 1930s she became a member of the National Council of Portuguese Women and later also joined the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace. In 1945 she was the first woman on the Central Committee of the Movement of Democratic Unity (MUD). She was arrested on 13 December 1946, with other members of the Central Committee, and released the next day; she was arrested again in January 1948, for distributing 1,500 copies of MUD propaganda, and was held for two months.\n\nShe supported the candidacies of Norton de Matos, Arlindo Vicente and Humberto Delgado; in a 1949 photograph she stands beside Norton de Matos at a rally at A Voz do Operário. The school was closed down in February 1949. Forbidden to leave the country to go and teach in Brazil, she opened a dressmaking workshop and gave private lessons. Called as a defence witness to the Plenary Court, she stood up to the judge and was sent for three days to the Mónicas Prison, which she left saying that she had carried out “a sociological study” there. In 1961 she was stripped of her political rights.\n\nMaria Lamas wrote to her that her example would stand “as a source of pride for all of us women!”. She died on 7 March 1963.","lugares":[{"lugar":"voz-do-operario","papel":"Rally for Norton de Matos’s candidacy (photograph from the Casa Comum) (28 January 1949)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Arrested in the middle of the Plenary Court courtroom while giving evidence as a defence witness."},{"lugar":"cadeia-das-monicas","papel":"Three days in prison in the Mónicas, on the orders of the Plenary Court judge."},{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"Member of the CNMP from the 1930s"},{"lugar":"afpp-sede","papel":"Member of the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace"}],"wikidata":"Q105480230","fontes":[{"titulo":"Isabel Aboim Inglez","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2026/03/07/isabel-aboim-inglez/"},{"titulo":"Ilegalização do MUD","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2023/03/01/ilegalizacao-do-mud/"},{"titulo":"Maria Isabel Aboim Inglês","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Isabel_Aboim_Ingl%C3%AAs"},{"titulo":"Candidatura de Norton de Matos [...] comício de Lisboa (Voz do Operário) – fotografia (cota 04654.000.038)","editora":"Casa Comum – Fundação Mário Soares e Maria Barroso","url":"https://casacomum.org/visualizador?cota=04654.000.038"},{"titulo":"Maria Isabel Aboim Inglês (Q105480230)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105480230"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"}],"por_confirmar":["The date of death: 7 March 1963 (Wikipedia, which cites the death register); Wikidata also has 7 March 1953, and a text from the Aljube Museum speaks of “58 years since her death”, which may date from 2021.","The spelling of the surname: “Inglez” (Aljube Museum) or “Inglês” (Wikipedia, Casa Comum).","The year of the episode at the Plenary Court and the Mónicas (1958, according to Wikipedia; the Aljube Museum does not date it).","Whether she was a leader of the National Council of Portuguese Women and of the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace: the Aljube Museum calls her a “leader” of both (and of the MUD, between 1946 and 1948); the CIG and Wikipedia say she joined the Council as a member, in the 1930s, and later joined the Association."]},{"id":"isabel-do-carmo","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Isabel do Carmo","nome_completo":"Maria Isabel Augusta Cortes do Carmo","nascimento":{"data":"1940-09-12","local":"Barreiro"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["doctor","student leader (1962 crisis)","co-founder of the Democratic Women’s Movement","founder of the Revolutionary Brigades and the PRP","political prisoner"],"resumo":"A medical student, she was the first woman to speak at a general assembly in the 1962 academic crisis; she later founded the Revolutionary Brigades, which attacked the machinery of the colonial war. A doctor and professor, she is the author of the first study on obesity in Portugal.","texto":"She was born in Barreiro in 1940, the daughter of a communist activist. She was in the MUD Juvenil (Youth Movement of Democratic Unity) and in the campaigns of Arlindo Vicente and Humberto Delgado in 1958, and at 18 she joined the PCP. In the 1962 academic crisis she was on the Medicine Pro-Association Committee; according to a PIDE report, she was the first woman to take the floor at a general assembly, at the University Stadium, where she spoke of a “Free Nation” and proposed offering flowers to the police.\n\nShe took part in founding the Democratic Women’s Movement and was on the Lisbon Democratic Electoral Commission. In 1969–1970 she broke with the PCP over the armed struggle and founded, with Carlos Antunes, the Revolutionary Brigades; in 1973, the Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat; and she went underground. The Brigades’ first action was a bomb at the NATO base at Fonte da Telha, on 7 November 1971. At the time of the Capela do Rato vigil, the Brigades, “led by Carlos Antunes and Isabel do Carmo”, were called on to publicise it in Lisbon.\n\nThe PIDE/DGS arrested her in 1970 and again in 1972, after the murder of Ribeiro Santos; her testimony to the Aljube Museum speaks of isolation, interrogations and torture in Caxias.\n\nAfter 25 April she ran the newspaper Revolução. In 1978 she was arrested and tried as the moral author of armed actions, of which she would later be cleared. She graduated and took her doctorate at the Lisbon Faculty of Medicine, where she taught, and carried out the first study of the prevalence of obesity in Portugal. In 2004, on the 30th anniversary of 25 April, she received the Order of Liberty.","lugares":[{"lugar":"cidade-universitaria","papel":"First woman to speak at a general assembly of the academic crisis, at the University Stadium (1962)"},{"lugar":"capela-do-rato","papel":"As a founder of the BR, she stated that the vigil was decided on by the Catholics (BR petards scattered leaflets in solidarity) (31 December 1972)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Tried at the Boa-Hora Court in 1980 (by then under democracy)."},{"lugar":"iscef-quelhas","papel":"Arrested by the DGS in the wake of the murder of Ribeiro Santos (1972)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"The testimony collected by the Aljube Museum mentions isolation, interrogations and torture in Caxias."}],"wikidata":"Q25336911","fontes":[{"titulo":"Isabel do Carmo (testemunho e biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/isabel-do-carmo-vidas-prisionaveis-2019-museu-do-aljube-resistencia-e-liberdade/"},{"titulo":"A participação das estudantes na crise","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/primaveras-estudantis/a-participacao-das-estudantes-na-crise/"},{"titulo":"As Brigadas Revolucionárias realizaram a sua primeira ação armada","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/11/07/as-brigadas-revolucionarias-realizaram-a-sua-primeira-acao-armada/"},{"titulo":"Primeira ação das Brigadas Revolucionárias (BR)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2026/07/11/primeira-acao-das-brigadas-revolucionarias-br/"},{"titulo":"Isabel do Carmo","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_do_Carmo"},{"titulo":"Vigília da Capela do Rato","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vig%C3%ADlia_da_Capela_do_Rato"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen: militância antifascista a partir da crise do Estado Novo (tese de doutoramento, Eloísa da Silva Aragão, 2017)","editora":"Universidade de São Paulo","url":"https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-24052018-131600/publico/2017_EloisaDaSilvaAragao_VCorr.pdf"},{"titulo":"«A paz é possível»: algumas notas sobre o caso da Capela do Rato (António de Araújo)","editora":"Lusitania Sacra, 2.ª série, 16 (2004), pp. 431-463 – Universidade Católica Portuguesa","url":"https://revistas.ucp.pt/index.php/lusitaniasacra/article/download/7084/6861"}],"por_confirmar":["Her grade in the Order of Liberty: Commander (CIG) or Grand Officer (Wikipedia); the Aljube Museum says only “decorated”.","How long she was imprisoned after 1978: released in 1982, according to the Aljube Museum; “about four years (1978-1984)”, according to the CIG.","The year the MDM was founded: 1968 (Aljube Museum, in this biography) or 1969 (Helena Pato’s biography).","The exact dates and places of the 1970 and 1972 arrests."]},{"id":"joao-arruda","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"João Arruda","nome_completo":"João Guilherme Rego Arruda","nascimento":{"data":"1954-01-13","local":"São Miguel Island, Azores"},"morte":{"data":"1974-04-26","local":"São José Hospital, Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["philosophy student at the Lisbon Faculty of Letters","victim of the DGS on 25 April 1974"],"resumo":"A 20-year-old student from the Azores at the Lisbon Faculty of Letters, he was hit in the head by DGS gunfire at around 20:30 on 25 April 1974 and died at São José Hospital at 00:30 on 26 April.","texto":"He was born on the island of São Miguel, in the Azores, on 13 January 1954, one of the thirteen children of a road worker and a housewife and washerwoman. At 9 he entered the Minor Seminary of Angra do Heroísmo and, in 1972, went to study Philosophy at the Catholic University in Braga. Shortly afterwards he broke with religious life and, in September 1973, entered the Lisbon Faculty of Letters; he also worked at the National Employment Service. He is thought to have taken part in actions of the PCP and the MRPP.\n\nOn 25 April 1974 he went down to the Baixa, like thousands of others, and he appears in RTP footage filmed in Largo do Carmo. In the early evening he was among those demanding the surrender of the political police outside the DGS headquarters, on Rua António Maria Cardoso. The agents fired from the windows into the crowd. At around 20:30, João Arruda was hit in the head; he died at São José Hospital at 00:30 on 26 April, aged 20. To this day, the identity of whoever killed him is unknown.\n\nIn 1980, a group of citizens put up a plaque by the building with the names of the four dead; his appears, by mistake, as “José Guilherme R. Arruda”. In 2010, Lisbon City Council also put up a plaque there about what happened and about the history of the building.","lugares":[{"lugar":"largo-do-carmo","papel":"Filmed by RTP among the crowd (25 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"sede-pide","papel":"Fatally hit by DGS gunfire (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"João Guilherme Rego Arruda (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/joao-guilherme-rego-arruda/"},{"titulo":"Os mortos pela PIDE em 25 de Abril","editora":"Esquerda.net","url":"https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/os-mortos-pela-pide-em-25-de-abril/86048"},{"titulo":"Esta semana, e sempre, a rua lembra os quatro homens assassinados pela PIDE/DGS","editora":"Time Out Lisboa (1/4/2024)","url":"https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/noticias/esta-semana-e-sempre-a-rua-lembra-os-quatro-homens-assassinados-pela-pide/dgs-040124"},{"titulo":"Placa da ex-sede da PIDE: reposta mas em local escondido","editora":"Esquerda.net (29/12/2009)","url":"https://www.esquerda.net/content/placa-da-ex-sede-da-pide-reposta-mas-em-local-escondido"}],"por_confirmar":[]},{"id":"joao-paulo-diniz","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"João Paulo Diniz","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1949"},"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["radio announcer","journalist"],"resumo":"The Emissores Associados de Lisboa announcer who, at 22:55 on 24 April 1974, introduced and put on the air “E Depois do Adeus” (And After the Goodbye), the MFA’s first signal.","texto":"He was born in 1949. He was an announcer at Emissores Associados de Lisboa, on Avenida Elias Garcia, when, at 22:55 on 24 April 1974, he announced live: “It is five minutes to eleven. With you, Paulo de Carvalho with Eurofestival 74, ‘E Depois do Adeus’” (Faltam cinco minutos para as vinte e três horas. Convosco, Paulo de Carvalho com o Eurofestival 74, “E Depois do Adeus”).\n\nPaulo de Carvalho’s song was the first signal of the Armed Forces Movement: the cue for the units taking part to begin preparing for the troops to move out. The Aljube Museum plays the recording, with João Paulo Diniz’s voice, in its exhibition.","lugares":[{"lugar":"emissores-associados","papel":"Broadcast the first signal (24 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q130552339","fontes":[{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"25 de Abril de 1974","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/04/25/25-de-abril-de-1974/"},{"titulo":"João Paulo Diniz (Q130552339)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130552339"}],"por_confirmar":["The spelling of his surname: Diniz (Aljube Museum, Wikidata) or Dinis (25 April Association, Commemorative Commission for the 50th Anniversary of 25 April).","Whether he knew that the song he was announcing was a signal: the sources do not say.","The year of birth (1949) comes only from Wikidata."]},{"id":"joaquim-furtado","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Joaquim Furtado","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1948-04-20","local":"Penamacor"},"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["journalist","announcer at Rádio Clube Português","read the MFA’s first communiqué"],"resumo":"The announcer on duty at Rádio Clube Português in the early hours of 25 April 1974, he volunteered to read the MFA’s first communiqué, which went on the air at 04:26.","texto":"A journalist, he was born in Penamacor on 20 April 1948. In the early hours of 25 April 1974 he was the announcer on duty at Rádio Clube Português, which the soldiers of the Movement occupied. The MFA’s communiqués were supposed to be read by Major Costa Neves, but Joaquim Furtado, on learning of the Movement’s intentions, immediately volunteered to do it.\n\nAt 04:26 he read the MFA’s first communiqué, drafted by Major Vítor Alves: it asked the population to remain calm and called doctors to the hospitals. At 04:45 he read the second, which reinforced those recommendations.","lugares":[{"lugar":"radio-clube-portugues","papel":"Read the MFA’s first communiqué (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q6206313","fontes":[{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Rádio Clube Português (Lugares de Abril)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/locais-de-abril/locaisabril-local06/"},{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Cronologia do 25 de Abril, por Jofre Alves (blogue Abril de Novo, 2010), na Biblioteca Digital do CD25A","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/Artigos/APP_CX22_48_CRONOLOGIA%20DO%2025%20DE%20ABRIL_Jofre%20Alves.pdf"},{"titulo":"28 de Setembro","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/28-de-setembro/"},{"titulo":"Joaquim Furtado (Q6206313)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206313"}],"por_confirmar":["The date and place of birth are only in Wikidata.","That it was also he who read the second communiqué, at 04:45: the chronology by Jofre Alves says so; the 25 April Association records the communiqué without saying who read it."]},{"id":"zeca-afonso","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"José Afonso (Zeca Afonso)","nome_completo":"José Manuel Cerqueira Afonso dos Santos","nascimento":{"data":"1929-08-02","local":"Aveiro"},"morte":{"data":"1987-02-23","local":"Setúbal"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["singer and composer","teacher","author of “Grândola, Vila Morena”","political prisoner (1973)"],"resumo":"A protest singer, persecuted by the censors and imprisoned by the PIDE/DGS in 1973. His “Grândola, Vila Morena” (Grândola, swarthy town), sung in chorus at the Coliseu in March 1974, was a month later the second signal of 25 April.","texto":"He was born in Aveiro on 2 August 1929 and studied in Coimbra, where he made his name as a singer of the Coimbra song (canção coimbrã). He became a reference point in Portuguese music in the time of the resistance to the Estado Novo (“New State”). He was a teacher and, when he came back from Mozambique in 1967, he was expelled from state teaching; from then on he became a symbol of the democratic resistance. His name was banned in the newspapers, which, to get round the censors, wrote it backwards: “Esoj Osnofa”.\n\nIn April 1973, in the wave of repression that followed the Congress of the Democratic Opposition, he was arrested by the PIDE/DGS. He was held in Caxias Fort until May.\n\n“Grândola, Vila Morena” (Grândola, swarthy town) was born of a performance at the Sociedade Musical Fraternidade Operária Grandolense (Grândola Workers’ Fraternity Musical Society), in 1964, and came out on the record Cantigas do Maio (Songs of May), in 1971. At the 1st Portuguese Song Meeting (I Encontro da Canção Portuguesa), at the Coliseu dos Recreios, in March 1974, José Afonso sang it and the audience that filled the hall joined in, in chorus.\n\nAs the signal for the uprising, the MFA wanted to use “Venham Mais Cinco” (Let five more come), but the song was banned by Rádio Renascença’s internal censorship, and “Grândola” was chosen. At 00:20 on 25 April it was played on the programme Limite, on Rádio Renascença: it was the second signal, the one that confirmed the start of the operations.\n\nDuring the revolutionary process he drew close to the LUAR, without joining it, and travelled the country singing. In 1983, already ill, he gave his last concerts, at the Coliseus of Lisbon and Porto. He died in Setúbal on 23 February 1987.","lugares":[{"lugar":"coliseu","papel":"Sings “Grândola, Vila Morena” at the 1st Portuguese Song Meeting (29 March 1974)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Held in Caxias Fort (April 1973)"},{"lugar":"radio-renascenca","papel":"“Grândola” broadcast as the signal (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q559269","fontes":[{"titulo":"I Encontro da Canção Portuguesa – José Afonso no Coliseu dos Recreios (fotografia de Carlos Gil, cota 07337.004.005)","editora":"Casa Comum – Fundação Mário Soares e Maria Barroso","url":"https://casacomum.org/visualizador?cota=07337.004.005"},{"titulo":"José Afonso","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Afonso"},{"titulo":"Grândola, Vila Morena","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ndola,_Vila_Morena"},{"titulo":"Grândola: a música da revolução","editora":"RTP Ensina","url":"https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/grandola-a-musica-da-revolucao/"},{"titulo":"Período da Revolução – cronologia","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/periodo-da-revolucao-25-04-1973-a-25-04-1976/"},{"titulo":"Período pré-revolução (01-01-1973 a 24-04-1974) – cronologia","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/periodo-pre-revolucao-01-01-1973-a-24-04-1974/"},{"titulo":"Canção Intervenção, 28/03/1974 (cronologia)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/timeline/cancao-intervencao/"},{"titulo":"Preparativos para a transmissão da senha, 23/04/1974 (cronologia)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/timeline/preparativos-para-a-transmissao-da-senha-para-inicio-das-operacoes-3/"},{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Zeca Afonso","editora":"RTP – Memórias da Revolução (textos de Aniceto Afonso, Carlos Matos Gomes e Maria Inácia Rezola)","url":"https://media.rtp.pt/memoriasdarevolucao/acontecimento/zeca-afonso/"},{"titulo":"Zeca Afonso (Q559269)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559269"}],"por_confirmar":["The date of the 1st Portuguese Song Meeting: 29 March 1974 (Carlos Gil’s photograph at the Casa Comum; Wikipedia) or 28 March (the 25 April Association’s chronology).","The time at which “Grândola” was played on Rádio Renascença: 00:20 (Commemorative Commission for the 50th Anniversary of 25 April) or 00:25 (RTP Ensina).","When he left Caxias: Wikipedia says he was held between April and May 1973; the 25 April Association records only the arrest, in April."]},{"id":"jose-antonio-ribeiro-santos","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"José António Ribeiro Santos","nome_completo":"José António Leitão Ribeiro Santos","nascimento":{"data":"1946-03-19","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"1972-10-12","local":"Lisbon (Santa Maria Hospital)"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["law student","student association leader","FEML (MRPP) activist","murdered by the PIDE/DGS"],"resumo":"A 26-year-old law student, shot dead by a PIDE/DGS agent at a “meeting against repression” at the ISCEF, on 12 October 1972. His funeral was one of the largest demonstrations against the dictatorship in its final phase.","texto":"He was born in Lisbon on 19 March 1946, the son of Maria Antónia Leitão Ribeiro Santos and Vasco Artur Ribeiro Santos, and began taking part in student struggles at the Liceu Pedro Nunes. In 1965 he entered the Lisbon Faculty of Law, where he was a member of the Propaganda Section, vice-president for Internal Relations, chair of the General Assembly and 4th-year class delegate. The PIDE opened a file on him in 1967, when he took part in the relief effort for the victims of that year’s floods; in 1969 he was suspended for interrupting the exams of twenty “fura-greves” (strike-breakers).\n\nHe was active in the “Ousar Lutar, Ousar Vencer” (Dare to Struggle, Dare to Win) movement and in the Federation of Marxist-Leninist Students, both linked to the MRPP. On 12 October 1972, during a “meeting against repression” at the ISCEF, the DGS agent António Gomes da Rocha fired several shots, which hit him and José Lamego. Taken by medical students to the Santa Maria Hospital, he died while still in the observation room, aged 26.\n\nThat night, 300 students meeting at the Instituto Superior Técnico decided to bring the university to a standstill and to go en masse to the funeral. The procession set out on 14 October from the house where he had lived, near Largo de Santos, and there were police charges along the way and at the Ajuda Cemetery. It was one of the most important demonstrations against the dictatorship in its final phase, and “Let us avenge Ribeiro Santos” (Vinguemos Ribeiro Santos) remained a slogan until 25 April.\n\nThe agent who killed him was never tried: held in Alcoentre after the revolution, he escaped from prison on 29 June 1975. By the first street-naming edict after 25 April, dated 30 December 1974, Calçada de Santos, where he had lived, was renamed Calçada Ribeiro Santos.","lugares":[{"lugar":"iscef-quelhas","papel":"Shot dead by a DGS agent (12 October 1972)"},{"lugar":"calcada-ribeiro-santos","papel":"The house where he lived and from which the funeral set out (14 October 1972)"},{"lugar":"ist","papel":"On the night of his death, 300 students meeting at the IST decide on a stoppage and on going en masse to the funeral (12 October 1972)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"José António Leitão Ribeiro Santos (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/jose-antonio-leitao-ribeiro-santos/"},{"titulo":"Assassinato de Ribeiro Santos","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/10/12/assassinato-de-ribeiro-santos/"},{"titulo":"O assassinato de José Ribeiro Santos","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/primaveras-estudantis/o-assassinato-de-jose-ribeiro-santos/"},{"titulo":"A Calçada Ribeiro Santos no Dia do Estudante","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa – CML (24/3/2014)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2014/03/24/a-calcada-ribeiro-santos-no-dia-do-estudante/"},{"titulo":"José António Leitão Ribeiro Santos","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/jose-antonio-leitao-ribeiro-santos"},{"titulo":"Testemunhos da História no cinquentenário do assassinato de Ribeiro Santos","editora":"Seara Nova (10/8/2023)","url":"https://searanova.publ.pt/2023/08/10/testemunhos-da-historia-no-cinquentenario-do-assassinato-de-ribeiro-santos/"}],"por_confirmar":["Where he died: in the observation room of the Santa Maria Hospital (Memória Comum, the Commemorative Commission for the 50th Anniversary of 25 April and the Aljube Museum’s page on the murder) or already dead on arrival at the hospital (the biography at the same museum)."]},{"id":"jose-barneto","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"José Barneto","nome_completo":"José James Harteley Barneto","nascimento":{"data":"1935-12-08","local":"Vendas Novas"},"morte":{"data":"1974-04-25","local":"Rua António Maria Cardoso, Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["clerk","killed by the DGS on 25 April 1974"],"resumo":"A 38-year-old clerk and father of four, he was killed by DGS gunfire outside the headquarters of the political police, at the end of the day on 25 April 1974.","texto":"He was born in Vendas Novas on 8 December 1935, the youngest son of the Spaniard Venceslau Barneto Delgado and of Júlia da Conceição Fernandes. He grew up in Olivais, in Lisbon, lived in Benfica with his wife and four children and was a clerk at the National Guild of Confectionery Manufacturers.\n\nOn the morning of 25 April 1974 he apparently left for work and, on hearing of the coup, went down to the Baixa. At the end of the day he was in the crowd that, outside the DGS headquarters on Rua António Maria Cardoso, was demanding the surrender of the political police, when the agents fired from the windows. Hit in the liver, he died almost instantly, even though those who tried to help him dragged him along the street. He was one of the four people killed by those shots, with João Arruda, Fernando Giesteira and Fernando Reis. To this day, no one knows who fired.\n\nOn Rua António Maria Cardoso, the four dead are remembered by a plaque put up in 1980 on the initiative of citizens and, since 2010, by another from Lisbon City Council.","lugares":[{"lugar":"sede-pide","papel":"Killed by DGS gunfire (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"José James Harteley Barneto (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/jose-james-harteley-barneto/"},{"titulo":"Esta semana, e sempre, a rua lembra os quatro homens assassinados pela PIDE/DGS","editora":"Time Out Lisboa (1/4/2024)","url":"https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/noticias/esta-semana-e-sempre-a-rua-lembra-os-quatro-homens-assassinados-pela-pide/dgs-040124"},{"titulo":"Os mortos pela PIDE em 25 de Abril","editora":"Esquerda.net","url":"https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/os-mortos-pela-pide-em-25-de-abril/86048"}],"por_confirmar":["His age: 38, according to the Aljube Museum and Time Out, which matches the date of birth; 37, according to “O Século” of 28 April 1974, cited by Esquerda.net."]},{"id":"jose-dias-coelho","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"José Dias Coelho","nome_completo":"José António Dias Coelho","nascimento":{"data":"1923-06-19","local":"Pinhel"},"morte":{"data":"1961-12-19","local":"Lisbon (Rua da Creche, Alcântara)"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["sculptor","painter","technical-school teacher","underground PCP leader"],"resumo":"A sculptor and painter who gave up his artistic career for underground life in the PCP. PIDE agents shot him dead in a street in Alcântara on 19 December 1961, aged 38.","texto":"He was born in Pinhel on 19 June 1923. In 1942 he entered the Lisbon School of Fine Arts, first in Architecture and then in Sculpture, and was active in the MUNAF, the MUD and the MUD Juvenil (Youth Movement of Democratic Unity). He organised the General Exhibitions of Visual Arts, which were held at the National Society of Fine Arts outside the control of the SNI, and where artists hostile to the regime showed their work. Arrested by the PIDE on 6 January 1949, during the campaign of Norton de Matos, he was held incommunicado for ten days in the Aljube.\n\nIn 1952, for having led the protests of the Fine Arts students, he was dismissed from his post as a technical-school teacher and expelled from the school, and he was banned from entering any other faculty in the country. In 1955 he went underground as a full-time PCP worker and left his career as a sculptor behind. The clandestine house he shared with his partner, Margarida Tengarrinha, housed the party’s document-forging office, and from 1960 the two of them drew for the clandestine press.\n\nHe was a member of the leadership of the Lisbon Regional Organisation and was in charge of the PCP’s intellectual sector when, on 19 December 1961, PIDE agents pursued him from Rua dos Lusíadas and shot him dead outside no. 30 Rua da Creche, in Alcântara. The street has borne his name since an edict of 17 February 1975. José Afonso commemorated him in the song “A Morte Saiu à Rua” (Death Went Out into the Street).","lugares":[{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Ten days held incommunicado in the Aljube after his 1949 arrest (January 1949)"},{"lugar":"rua-jose-dias-coelho","papel":"Shot dead by the PIDE outside no. 30 Rua da Creche (19 December 1961)"}],"wikidata":"Q4237195","fontes":[{"titulo":"José António Dias Coelho (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/jose-dias-coelho-2/"},{"titulo":"José António Dias Coelho","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/jose-antonio-dias-coelho"},{"titulo":"O pintor saiu a uma Rua de Alcântara num dia assim","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa – CML (19/6/2013)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2013/06/19/o-pintor-saiu-a-uma-rua-de-alcantara-num-dia-assim/"},{"titulo":"A PIDE assassinou Dias Coelho há 60 anos","editora":"Voz do Operário (6/12/2021)","url":"https://vozoperario.pt/jornal/2021/12/06/a-pide-assassinou-dias-coelho-ha-60-anos/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"}],"por_confirmar":["The time of the crime: “in broad daylight” (Toponímia de Lisboa) or “early in the evening” (Voz do Operário)."]},{"id":"luandino-vieira","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"José Luandino Vieira","nome_completo":"José Vieira Mateus da Graça","nascimento":{"data":"1935-05-04","local":"Lagoa do Furadouro, Ourém"},"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["Portuguese-Angolan writer","MPLA activist","political prisoner at Tarrafal (1964–1972)","SPE Grand Prize for Fiction (1965)"],"resumo":"A Portuguese-Angolan writer, the author of “Luuanda”. The prize that the Portuguese Society of Writers gave him in 1965, while he was imprisoned at Tarrafal, led the PIDE to question the jury and detain three of the jurors, and the regime to wreck the SPE’s headquarters and dissolve it.","texto":"He was born in Ourém on 4 May 1935 and grew up in Luanda. Arrested by the PIDE in 1959, he was arrested again in 1961, by then an MPLA activist, and was sentenced to 14 years in prison. In 1964 he was transferred to the Tarrafal concentration camp, in Cape Verde, where he spent eight years. He was one of the African authors published in Lisbon by the House of the Students of the Empire.\n\nLuuanda, from 1963, depicts life in the musseques (shanty towns) of Luanda, mixing Portuguese with Kimbundu. In May 1965, the Portuguese Society of Writers awarded it the Grand Prize for Fiction. The jury — Fernanda Botelho, Alexandre Pinheiro Torres, Augusto Abelaira, João Gaspar Simões and Manuel da Fonseca — was accused of “treason against the fatherland”. All of them were questioned by the PIDE, and Pinheiro Torres, Abelaira and Manuel da Fonseca were detained. On the night of 21 May, PIDE agents and legionnaires raided and wrecked the SPE’s headquarters, and the government dissolved the society.\n\nHe was released on parole in 1972 and went to live in Lisbon, under surveillance, working with the publisher Sá da Costa until 25 April. He returned to Angola in 1975. In 2006 he turned down the Camões Prize.","lugares":[{"lugar":"spe","papel":"Awarded a prize by the SPE, which led to the closure of its headquarters and the raid on them (May 1965)"},{"lugar":"casa-estudantes-imperio","papel":"Published by the CEI."}],"wikidata":"Q558950","fontes":[{"titulo":"José Luandino Vieira","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luandino_Vieira"},{"titulo":"Como a PIDE destruiu a Sociedade Portuguesa de Escritores","editora":"RTP Ensina","url":"https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/como-a-pide-destruiu-a-sociedade-portuguesa-de-escritores/"},{"titulo":"Breve memorial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Escritores (SPE)","editora":"Associação Portuguesa de Escritores","url":"http://www.apescritores.pt/APE/Historia_APE.pdf"},{"titulo":"Casa dos Estudantes do Império","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/primaveras-estudantis/casa-dos-estudantes-do-imperio/"}],"por_confirmar":["The day the SPE decided on the prize: 21 May 1965, according to the Wikipedia article on Luandino; the article on the SPE cites reports in the “Diário de Lisboa” and “República” of 19 May on the awarding of the prizes."]},{"id":"junqueira-dos-reis","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Junqueira dos Reis","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":null,"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["brigadier","second-in-command of the Lisbon Military Region","commander of the forces loyal to the government on 25 April 1974"],"resumo":"A brigadier called in to command the forces loyal to the regime on 25 April 1974, he gave orders to open fire at the Ribeira das Naus and on Rua do Arsenal, and his own men disobeyed.","texto":"A brigadier and second-in-command of the Lisbon Military Region, he was called in at 06:30 on 25 April 1974 to command the forces loyal to the government. He left Ajuda with the regime’s counter-offensive, whose command post was at the Lanceiros 2 barracks. At 09:35 he arrived at the Terreiro do Paço with tanks, riflemen from the 1st Infantry Regiment and Military Police.\n\nOn Avenida da Ribeira das Naus, when Salgueiro Maia came forward with a white handkerchief, he ordered Officer Cadet Fernando Sottomayor to open fire on him. Sottomayor refused and was placed under arrest; the tank gunners refused too, and the troops went over to the side of the MFA. On Rua do Arsenal he again ordered them to fire and was again disobeyed; exasperated, he punched Lieutenant Alfredo Assunção three times.\n\nAt one in the afternoon he in turn tried to surround Salgueiro Maia’s column, which was surrounding the Carmo Barracks, with positions in Largo de Camões and the neighbouring streets. Between 14:00 and 15:00, with his forces broken up, he withdrew and ceased all resistance.","lugares":[{"lugar":"rua-do-arsenal","papel":"Orders to fire disobeyed (25 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"lanceiros-2","papel":"Set out with the counter-offensive from the regime’s command post (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Cronologia do 25 de Abril, por Jofre Alves (blogue Abril de Novo, 2010), na Biblioteca Digital do CD25A","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/Artigos/APP_CX22_48_CRONOLOGIA%20DO%2025%20DE%20ABRIL_Jofre%20Alves.pdf"},{"titulo":"Salgueiro Maia","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/salgueiro-maia/"}],"por_confirmar":["His full name, his dates of birth and death, and what happened to him after 25 April."]},{"id":"leite-de-vasconcelos","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Leite de Vasconcelos","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":null,"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["announcer on the Rádio Renascença programme “Limite”"],"resumo":"An announcer on “Limite”, he recorded, without knowing what it was for, the reading of the first verse of “Grândola, Vila Morena” that opened the MFA’s signal on Rádio Renascença at 00:20 on 25 April 1974.","texto":"He was one of the regular announcers on Limite, the independent programme broadcast by Rádio Renascença, and one of his routine tasks was recording the poems that the programme played every day.\n\nOn 24 April 1974, his day off, Manuel Tomás called him in to “record poems”. He recorded a sequence of texts lasting about ten minutes, two of them written by Carlos Albino to be vetted by the censor, in which the reading of the first verse of “Grândola, Vila Morena” appeared linked to the other readings. He was not told what it was for.\n\nAt 00:20 on 25 April, his recorded voice, reciting the verse, came before José Afonso’s song on Renascença: it was the second signal of the Armed Forces Movement, confirming that operations had begun. At the end of the broadcast, the censorship agent who was in the studios showed signs of having heard something he had not foreseen.","lugares":[{"lugar":"radio-renascenca","papel":"His recorded voice opened the second signal (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"MFA – Preparativos para a Acção, 24/04/1974 (escolha da Grândola)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/timeline/mfa-preparativos-para-a-accao-26/"},{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"}],"por_confirmar":["Whether the announcer is the journalist and writer Teodomiro Leite de Vasconcelos (Arcos de Valdevez, 1944 – Maputo, 1997), as Wikipedia says; that is why no dates of birth and death are given here.","The same Wikipedia article has him as the live announcer that night; the 25 April Association says he was off duty, that his voice had been recorded the day before and that the announcer on duty was Paulo Coelho."]},{"id":"luisa-tito-de-morais","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Luísa Tito de Morais","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1942"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["activist in the secondary-school movement","PCP activist","exile","leader in the Democratic Electoral Commission"],"resumo":"At the age of five she visited her father, a prisoner in the Aljube. She joined the PCP at 16, took part in the struggles in the secondary schools, lived in exile in Paris, Prague and Algeria, returned clandestinely in 1970 and later joined the leadership of the Democratic Electoral Commission.","texto":"She was born in 1942 into a family of opposition activists. At the age of five she would visit her father, Manuel Alfredo Tito de Morais, in the Aljube prison; he was a leader of the Movement of Democratic Unity (MUD) and, later, one of the founders of the Socialist Party. Her grandfather, Admiral Tito de Morais, had taken part in the revolution of 5 October 1910.\n\nIn 1958 she followed the campaigns of Arlindo Vicente and Humberto Delgado and, at 16, joined the PCP. She took part in the struggles of the secondary-school (liceu) students and in setting up a pro-association of secondary-school students. From 1961 she lived in exile — in Paris, Prague and Algeria — always with her partner, Pedro Ramos de Almeida.\n\nShe returned to Portugal clandestinely in 1970. In 1972 she left the underground and moved into legal political activity, above all in the Democratic Electoral Commission (CDE), of whose leadership she was a member.","lugares":[{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Visits her father, a prisoner in the Aljube (1947)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Luísa Tito de Morais","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/luisa-tito-de-morais/"}],"por_confirmar":["The place and day of birth: the Aljube Museum gives only the year, 1942."]},{"id":"lindley-cintra","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Luís Filipe Lindley Cintra","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1925-03-05","local":"Lisbon (São Sebastião da Pedreira)"},"morte":{"data":"1991-08-18","local":"Sesimbra"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["philologist and linguist","professor at the Lisbon Faculty of Letters","supporter of the students in 1962"],"resumo":"A philologist at the Faculty of Letters who supported the students in the 1962 crisis, he tried to mediate with the police and was beaten by the riot police at the entrance to the Faculty of Medicine on 4 June 1962.","texto":"He was born in Lisbon in 1925. A philologist, he had taught at the Lisbon Faculty of Letters since 1951. In the 1962 academic crisis he was one of the most senior lecturers to understand the students’ demands: he took part in their general assemblies and used his standing as a professor to try to open a dialogue with the police. In the early hours of 11 May, when the police surrounded the Cidade Universitária canteen, where the students’ hunger strike was under way, he tried to act as a mediator, with Francisco Pereira de Moura.\n\nOn the morning of 4 June he was beaten by the riot police at the entrance to the Faculty of Medicine, in the Cidade Universitária, and had to be treated in hospital. The students clubbed together to give him a painting by Fernando Azevedo. The painting stayed with his son, the actor Luís Miguel Cintra, and was returned to Jorge Sampaio shortly before Sampaio became President of the Republic. Lindley Cintra died in 1991.","lugares":[{"lugar":"cantina-velha","papel":"Tries to mediate during the police siege of the canteen (11 May 1962)"},{"lugar":"cidade-universitaria","papel":"Beaten by the riot police at the entrance to the Faculty of Medicine (4 June 1962)"}],"wikidata":"Q3324908","fontes":[{"titulo":"A Crise Académica de 1962: Solidariedade com os Estudantes","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/primaveras-estudantis/a-solidariedade-com-os-estudantes/"},{"titulo":"A Crise Académica de 1962: A Greve de Fome","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/primaveras-estudantis/a-greve-de-fome/"},{"titulo":"Luís Filipe Lindley Cintra","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe_Lindley_Cintra"}],"por_confirmar":["The place of death: Sesimbra, according to the text of Wikipedia, or Lisbon, according to the infobox on the same page and Wikidata. Wikidata also gives Espariz as the place of birth, as against Lisbon in Wikipedia."]},{"id":"madalena-barbosa","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Madalena Barbosa","nome_completo":"Maria Madalena Freire Avelar Barbosa","nascimento":{"data":"1942-03-13"},"morte":{"data":"2008-02-21"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["feminist","co-founder of the Women’s Liberation Movement","spokeswoman for the National Campaign for Abortion and Contraception (1979)","staff member of the Commission on the Status of Women"],"resumo":"One of the founders of the Women’s Liberation Movement, in May 1974. She fought for divorce and for the decriminalisation of abortion and worked at the Commission on the Status of Women, whose library now bears her name.","texto":"She was one of the founders of the Women’s Liberation Movement (MLM), in May 1974. The movement set out “to fight for the right to equality without discrimination on the grounds of sex”. It was the MLM that called the feminist demonstration of 13 January 1975 in Parque Eduardo VII. That afternoon, surrounded and chased by a crowd of men, many of the women demonstrators took refuge in Madalena Barbosa’s flat, right next door; “we went to Madalena Barbosa’s place”, said Maria Antónia Palla, who was there.\n\nShe advocated the right to divorce and the decriminalisation of abortion. She took part in setting up the Movement for Contraception and Free Abortion and, in 1979, was spokeswoman for the National Campaign for Abortion and Contraception. In the 1980s she helped create the first Portuguese feminist documentation centres, the Cooperativa Editorial de Mulheres (Women’s Publishing Cooperative) and Informação e Documentação sobre Mulheres (Information and Documentation on Women), whose collection is now in the care of UMAR — União de Mulheres Alternativa e Resposta (Women’s Union Alternative and Response). In the same decade she joined the staff of the Commission on the Status of Women, now the Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality (CIG).\n\nShe died in 2008. The following year, Lisbon City Council and the CIG created the Madalena Barbosa Prize, and the CIG library bears her name. Her press articles and the texts of her talks were collected after her death in the book Que força é essa (What Force Is That).","lugares":[{"lugar":"parque-eduardo-vii","papel":"Founder of the MLM, which organised the demonstration (13 January 1975)"}],"wikidata":"Q6726209","fontes":[{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"A manifestação feminista que não chegou a acontecer, 45 anos depois (Rafaela Cortez, 26/4/2020)","editora":"Comunidade Cultura e Arte","url":"https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/a-manifestacao-feminista-que-nao-chegou-a-acontecer-45-anos-depois/"},{"titulo":"Madalena Barbosa","editora":"Wikipédia (inglês)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madalena_Barbosa"}],"por_confirmar":["The exact dates of birth (13 March 1942) and of death (21 February 2008) come only from the English Wikipedia; the CIG gives only the years.","The date the MLM was founded: May 1974 (CIG), 7 May 1974 (Comunidade Cultura e Arte) or April 1974 (English Wikipedia).","The year she joined the Commission on the Status of Women: 1980, according to the English Wikipedia; the CIG says only “in the 1980s”."]},{"id":"manuela-porto","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Manuela Porto","nome_completo":"Manuela Cesarina Sena Porto de Araújo Pereira","nascimento":{"data":"1908-04-24","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"1950-07-07","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["actress","writer and translator","theatre critic and reciter of poetry","vice-president of the National Council of Portuguese Women (1946)"],"resumo":"An actress, translator and reciter of poetry, she was vice-president of the National Council of Portuguese Women and, in 1947, spoke about Virginia Woolf at the Exhibition of Books Written by Women. Troubled by the exhibition, the regime closed the Council down that same year.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon on 24 April 1908. She was an actress with the Rey Colaço – Robles Monteiro company and studied at the National Theatre Conservatory; she was also a theatre critic, a reciter of poetry and a translator, and brought into Portuguese women writers such as Louisa May Alcott, Anne Brontë, Elizabeth Gaskell and Virginia Woolf. In 1931 she married the painter Roberto Araújo Pereira at the Lisbon civil registry, under a regime of “total, complete and absolute separation of property” — a pioneering procedure at the time.\n\nIn the 1930s she embraced feminist activism and joined, one after another, the organisations that opposed the Estado Novo (“New State”): the National Council of Portuguese Women (CNMP), the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace, the Movement of National Anti-Fascist Unity, the Movement of Democratic Unity, the Committee of Democratic Writers, Journalists and Artists, the Portuguese PEN Club and the Central and Women’s Committee of the National Democratic Movement.\n\nIn 1946 she was appointed vice-president of the CNMP. In January 1947, at the Exhibition of Books Written by Women that the Council organised at the National Society of Fine Arts, she gave the talk “Virginia Woolf: o problema das mulheres das letras” (Virginia Woolf: the problem of women of letters). The regime disliked the scale of the exhibition and outlawed the Council. On 28 June 1947 the police closed, “without prior notice”, its headquarters in Amoreiras, putting an end to 33 years of the association. She died in Lisbon on 7 July 1950, aged 42.","lugares":[{"lugar":"snba","papel":"Talk: “Virginia Woolf: o problema das mulheres das letras” (January 1947)"},{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"Vice-president of the CNMP (1946)"},{"lugar":"afpp-sede","papel":"Member of the AFPP"},{"lugar":"cnmp-amoreiras","papel":"Vice-president of the Council that the police closed down after the exhibition (28 June 1947)"},{"lugar":"ruas-feministas-carnide","papel":"Rua Manuela Porto, in Carnide, is named after her (edict of 31 January 1978)"}],"wikidata":"Q105105295","fontes":[{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Manuela Porto","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Porto"},{"titulo":"Ser mulher em Lisboa: a associação que agitou o regime no século XX (Ana Sofia Paiva, 8/3/2019)","editora":"FCSH+Lisboa – NOVA FCSH","url":"https://maislisboa.fcsh.unl.pt/ser-mulher-em-lisboa-a-associacao-que-agitou-o-regime-no-seculo-xx/"},{"titulo":"A Rua da médica Adelaide Cabete que também foi professora de Higiene","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2015/10/23/a-rua-da-medica-adelaide-cabete-que-tambem-foi-professora-de-higiene/"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of the talk on Virginia Woolf: the exhibition was open from 4 to 12 January 1947, and the sources do not say on which day she spoke.","At which headquarters she worked as vice-president of the CNMP: on Praça dos Restauradores or already on Travessa da Fábrica das Sedas, in Amoreiras, where the Council moved in 1946."]},{"id":"manuel-serra","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Manuel Serra","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1931-07-23","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"2010-01-31","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["Merchant Navy officer","leader of the Catholic Workers’ Youth (Juventude Operária Católica)","civilian leader of the “Revolta da Sé” (Cathedral Revolt, 1959) and of the Beja revolt (1962)","political prisoner","founder of the Popular Socialist Front"],"resumo":"A former leader of the Catholic Workers’ Youth, he was the “civilian soul” of the “Revolta da Sé” (Cathedral Revolt), in 1959, and the civilian leader of the Beja revolt, in 1962. He spent 11 years in prison and was tortured.","texto":"He was born in Lisbon on 23 July 1931. A Merchant Navy officer and founder of the magazine Náutica, at 17 he joined the Catholic Workers’ Youth (Juventude Operária Católica), of which he became a leader, and he took part in Humberto Delgado’s campaign in 1958.\n\nHe was, in the words of Mário Soares, the “civilian soul” of the cathedral conspiracy, a Catholic-inspired movement that was due to go into action on the night of 11 to 12 March 1959. He headed a civilian militia and was the link with the Military Junta. On the night of the 11th, in the cloisters of the cathedral, he was handing out badges, ropes and uniforms when the order came to disperse: the government knew about the coup. He then set off by car with Major Pastor Fernandes and Lieutenant Vasco da Costa Santos for Calçada da Ajuda, where they managed to stop Fernando Oneto from collecting at Lanceiros 2 the weapons intended for the civilian groups. The PIDE arrested 44 people; Manuel Serra was the first, at nightfall on 13 March. He spent six months in isolation in the Aljube and managed to escape. When the trial began, he had taken asylum in a Latin American embassy.\n\nHe was later the civilian leader of the Beja revolt, in January 1962. The trial that followed, with 86 defendants, was the largest of the Estado Novo (“New State”). Arrested again, he was subjected to sleep torture: in 44 days he slept eight hours. In all, he spent 11 years in prison.\n\nAfter 25 April he founded the Popular Socialist Movement, which joined the PS as a left-wing tendency, and, once outside the party, the Popular Socialist Front. He died in Lisbon on 31 January 2010.","lugares":[{"lugar":"se-de-lisboa","papel":"Organises the gathering of the civilian groups of the “Revolta da Sé” in the cloisters (11 March 1959)"},{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Imprisoned in the Aljube after the “Revolta da Sé” (1959)"}],"wikidata":"Q112189080","fontes":[{"titulo":"O «golpe da Sé» (Irene Flunser Pimentel)","editora":"Caminhos da Memória (blogue)","url":"https://caminhosdamemoria.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/o-%C2%ABgolpe-da-se%C2%BB/"},{"titulo":"Manuel Serra","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Serra"},{"titulo":"«Revolta da Sé» – 60 anos (Dossiê do Mês)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/60-anos-da-revolta-da-se/"}],"por_confirmar":["The escape from the Aljube and the details of the torture appear only in Wikipedia, which cites “Público” of 2010."]},{"id":"marcelo-caetano","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Marcelo Caetano","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1906-08-17","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"1980-10-26","local":"Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["President of the Council of Ministers (head of government, 1968-1974)"],"resumo":"The last head of government of the Estado Novo, he took refuge in the Carmo Barracks in the early hours of 25 April 1974 and, besieged, handed power over to General Spínola. The next day he was taken to Madeira.","texto":"He was born in Lisbon in 1906 and had headed the government, as President of the Council of Ministers, since 1968. At 05:00 on 25 April 1974, the director of the PIDE/DGS, Silva Pais, telephoned him: “Mr President, the Revolution is out in the streets!” (Senhor Presidente, a Revolução está na rua!) In a second call he advised him to leave home as a matter of the utmost urgency and go to the Carmo barracks, “because the GNR is sound”.\n\nIn the Carmo Barracks he spent the day with the Minister of the Interior, César Moreira Baptista, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Rui Patrício, and other members of the government, while the column of Salgueiro Maia besieged the barracks and a crowd filled the square. In mid-afternoon he decided to surrender — “so that power does not fall into the street” (assim o poder não cai na rua), he confided — but not to a captain: he asked for a general officer to receive power and summoned General Spínola to the Carmo. Late in the afternoon he handed power over to him and left the barracks in the Chaimite armoured car “Bula”, slowly, through the crowd, on the way to the MFA Command Post at Pontinha.\n\nOn the morning of 26 April he was taken to the airport, as was the President of the Republic, Américo Tomás, and, with the former ministers Silva Cunha and Moreira Baptista, boarded an Air Force plane for Funchal, where they were held under guard. He died in Rio de Janeiro in 1980.","lugares":[{"lugar":"largo-do-carmo","papel":"Took refuge in the barracks and surrendered to Spínola (25 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"pontinha","papel":"Held at the MFA Command Post (25 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"aeroporto","papel":"Left for Funchal (26 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q310870","fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Largo e Quartel do Carmo (Lugares de Abril)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/locais-de-abril/largo-do-carmo-e-quartel-do-carmo/"},{"titulo":"Marcelo Caetano (Q310870)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310870"}],"por_confirmar":["The dates and places of birth and death come only from Wikidata."]},{"id":"margarida-tengarrinha","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Margarida Tengarrinha","nome_completo":"Maria Margarida do Carmo Mendes Tengarrinha Campos Costa","nascimento":{"data":"1928-05-07","local":"Portimão"},"morte":{"data":"2023-10-26"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["visual artist","underground full-time PCP worker","document forger","writer for “Avante!”","deputy (1979–1983)"],"resumo":"A visual artist expelled from the School of Fine Arts in 1952, she lived underground with José Dias Coelho, in a house where the PCP forged documents. She only learnt that the PIDE had killed him on the day of his burial, which she could not attend.","texto":"She was born in Portimão on 7 May 1928. At 20 she joined the MUD Juvenil (Youth Movement of Democratic Unity) and became involved in the student struggles at the Lisbon School of Fine Arts and in the General Exhibitions of Visual Arts. At the school, she coordinated the students’ involvement in the movement. After the protests against the NATO meeting in Lisbon, in 1952, she was expelled and banned from attending any faculty in the country and from teaching; that year she joined the PCP. Another 81 students were expelled with her.\n\nAt the end of 1954 she went underground with her partner, the painter José Dias Coelho. Their clandestine house was home to the party’s document-forging office — identity cards, driving licences, passports — and, from 1960, the two of them drew illustrations and mastheads for A Voz das Camaradas (The Voice of the Women Comrades) and Avante! (Forward!).\n\nOn 19 December 1961 the PIDE shot Dias Coelho dead in a street in Alcântara that now bears his name. Margarida, who was still living underground, only learnt of it early in the evening of 26 December, at a meeting in the street. When she asked to see him, the comrade answered: “You can’t, the burial was today, at the Benfica cemetery.” From that moment on, she wrote, she resolved “not to let his memory die”.\n\nIn 1962 she went abroad: she worked with Álvaro Cunhal in Moscow, and then at Rádio Portugal Livre, in Bucharest. She returned in 1968 and resumed underground work, in Lisbon and then in Porto. In 1974 she joined the PCP Central Committee and later published several books, among them Memórias de Uma Falsificadora – A Luta na Clandestinidade em Portugal (Memoirs of a Forger: The Underground Struggle in Portugal). She was a deputy for the Algarve from 1979 to 1983 and, in 2014, received the first Maria Veleda Prize. She died in Portimão on 26 October 2023.","lugares":[{"lugar":"rua-jose-dias-coelho","papel":"Partner of José Dias Coelho, murdered on Rua da Creche; she learnt of his death on 26/12/1961 (26 December 1961)"},{"lugar":"peniche","papel":"Author of “A Fuga de Peniche” (The Peniche Escape), an illustration of the escape of 3 January 1960"}],"wikidata":"Q88583520","fontes":[{"titulo":"Margarida Tengarrinha (testemunho e biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/margarida-tengarrinha/"},{"titulo":"José António Dias Coelho (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/jose-dias-coelho-2/"},{"titulo":"Assassinato de José Dias Coelho","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/12/19/assassinato-de-jose-dias-coelho/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Margarida Tengarrinha","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarida_Tengarrinha"},{"titulo":"Fuga de Peniche","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2021/01/03/fuga-de-peniche/"}],"por_confirmar":["When she went underground: at the end of 1954 (testimony at the Aljube Museum) or in 1955 (Wikipedia and José Dias Coelho’s biography at the same museum).","The address of the clandestine house in Lisbon where she lived with José Dias Coelho and where the document-forging office operated."]},{"id":"maria-alda-nogueira","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Alda Nogueira","nome_completo":"Maria Alda Barbosa Nogueira","nascimento":{"data":"1923-03-19","local":"Lisbon (Alcântara)"},"morte":{"data":"1998-03-05","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["teacher","underground communist activist","political prisoner","deputy in the Constituent Assembly and the Assembly of the Republic","chair of the Parliamentary Committee on the Status of Women (1983–1985)"],"resumo":"An underground communist activist, she was arrested in 1959 and sentenced to eight years of major imprisonment plus security measures, which she served in Caxias. A deputy from the Constituent Assembly onwards, she chaired the Parliamentary Committee on the Status of Women from 1983 to 1985.","texto":"She was born in Alcântara, Lisbon, on 19 March 1923. She graduated in Physical and Chemical Sciences. While still a university student, she joined the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace and, in 1945, the National Council of Portuguese Women. It was that year that she met Maria Lamas; as a teacher in the Algarve, she set up several branches of the Council there.\n\nShe went underground in 1949 and set up a PCP clandestine house with Sérgio Vilarigues. The PIDE arrested her on 15 October 1959, in a taxi, on Avenida da Liberdade. She was tried at the Plenary Court on 22 October 1960, with Maria Lamas and Maria Isabel Aboim Inglez among the character witnesses. Sentenced to eight years of major imprisonment, followed by a “security measure of internment” of six months to three years, extendable indefinitely, she was the first woman to receive that sentence.\n\nShe served it in Caxias Fort. In the first days, held incommunicado, she made up the children’s story A Viagem numa Gota de Água (A Journey in a Drop of Water), which she published in 1977. With Sofia Ferreira she led the PCP cell in the prison, and in 1961 she smuggled the Caxias Manifesto out of it. She taught Mathematics and Geography to Maria Lourença Cabecinha. She was released on parole in December 1968. “In prison they took away the best years of my life. I went in at 35 and came out at 45”, she said in an interview with Helena Neves. Her account of underground life and of the punishments inflicted on women in prison was published in Mulheres Portuguesas na Resistência (Portuguese Women in the Resistance).\n\nIn 1975 she was elected for the PCP to the Constituent Assembly, one of the 27 women who sat in it. She was the only woman deputy on the 1st Committee; in the minutes, the deputies appeared by name and she with a “D.” (Dona) before hers — in Parliament’s own view, an example of the difficulty of treating women as equals. Later a deputy in the Assembly of the Republic, she chaired the Parliamentary Committee on the Status of Women from 1983 to 1985. Her stone bust stands in the Parliament’s cloister; she is one of the two women deputies so honoured. She died in Lisbon on 5 March 1998.","lugares":[{"lugar":"afpp-sede","papel":"Member of the AFPP while still a student"},{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"Joined the CNMP (1945)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Tried at the Plenary Court (22 October 1960)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned in Caxias until 1968 (1959–1968)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Deputy in the Constituent Assembly and chair of the Parliamentary Committee on the Status of Women; bust in the cloister (1975–1986)"}],"wikidata":"Q105747231","fontes":[{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Maria Alda Nogueira","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Alda_Nogueira"},{"titulo":"As mulheres na Constituinte de 1975-1976","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/As-mulheres-na-constituinte-75-76.aspx"},{"titulo":"Maria Alda Barbosa Nogueira","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/maria-alda-barbosa-nogueira"},{"titulo":"Maria Lourença Cabecinha (testemunho e biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/maria-lourenco-cabecinha/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Maria Alda Nogueira (Q105747231)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105747231"}],"por_confirmar":["The date of her release: December 1968, on parole (Wikipedia), or December 1969, after “ten years” in Caxias (Memória Comum).","The day of the trial (22 October 1960) and the place of her arrest (in a taxi, on Avenida da Liberdade) appear only in Wikipedia.","Whether she was the “first woman in Portugal sentenced to prison for political reasons”, as the CIG says: Memória Comum says, more precisely, that she was the first woman sentenced to eight years of major imprisonment plus security measures.","The end of her term as a deputy: 1986, according to Wikipedia and Memória Comum, which elsewhere says “from 1975 to 1985”.","The memorial plaque unveiled in 2024 on Rua José Dias Coelho, in Alcântara, mentioned only in Wikipedia."]},{"id":"maria-antonia-fiadeiro","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Antónia Fiadeiro","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1942","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"2023-03-31"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["journalist","feminist","political prisoner","managing editor of “Mulher – Modas e Bordados”","biographer of Maria Lamas"],"resumo":"A journalist, the daughter of Stella Piteira Santos, arrested by the PIDE in 1962 and in 1972. After 25 April, as managing editor, she gave “Modas e Bordados” a feminist line and invited Maria Lamas to be its honorary editor; in 1984 she wrote “Aborto – O Crime Está na Lei” (Abortion – The Crime Is in the Law).","texto":"She was born in Lisbon in 1942, the daughter of Stella Piteira Santos and Inácio Fiadeiro, both anti-fascists. She was studying Philosophy at the Faculty of Letters when, in the 1962 academic crisis, she supported the students on hunger strike in the Cidade Universitária canteen; it was for this that the PIDE arrested her for the first time. She was arrested again in 1972, on her return from Brazil, where she had been living in exile. That time, on 26 November, she was detained at the airport and spent a month in Caxias.\n\nIn 1974 she began writing for Modas e Bordados (Fashions and Embroidery), the supplement of O Século. As managing editor, she offered Maria Lamas the post of honorary editor, and the magazine was renamed Mulher – Modas e Bordados (Woman – Fashions and Embroidery), with a feminist editorial line. She also wrote for the “Mulher” (Woman) supplement of the Diário de Notícias and for the Diário de Lisboa, and was a member of the board of the Journalists’ Union in 1977–1978.\n\nShe was a co-founder of the League for Women’s Rights and sat on the national board of the Family Planning Association. She advocated the decriminalisation of abortion and, in 1984, wrote Aborto – O Crime Está na Lei (Abortion – The Crime Is in the Law). In her thesis she recovered the biography of Maria Lamas, which was later published. She died on 31 March 2023.","lugares":[{"lugar":"cantina-velha","papel":"Supported the students on hunger strike, and was arrested for it (1962)"},{"lugar":"o-seculo","papel":"Managing editor of “Mulher – Modas e Bordados” (1974–1975)"},{"lugar":"aeroporto","papel":"Arrested by the PIDE on arrival from Brazil, where she had been in exile (26 November 1972)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned for a month in Caxias (1972)"}],"wikidata":"Q105395291","fontes":[{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Maria Antónia Fiadeiro","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ant%C3%B3nia_Fiadeiro"},{"titulo":"Maria Antónia Correia Ribeiro Fiadeiro Nascimento","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/maria-antonia-correia-ribeiro-fiadeiro-nascimento"}],"por_confirmar":["The place of birth (Lisbon) and the day of death (31 March 2023) appear only in Wikipedia; the CIG gives only the years, 1942–2023.","The year she became the magazine’s managing editor: 1975, according to Wikipedia; the CIG does not say.","The year of “Aborto – O Crime Está na Lei”: 1984, according to the CIG and the list of works in Wikipedia; the introduction of the same Wikipedia article says 1978.","Whether the newsroom of “Mulher – Modas e Bordados” was in the “O Século” building in 1974–1975.","Whether she was arrested in 1962: the CIG and Wikipedia say that the PIDE arrested her during the academic crisis, for supporting the hunger strike in the canteen; Memória Comum, which records political prisoners, gives 26 November 1972 as the date of her first arrest.","That she was arrested at Lisbon airport: Wikipedia says only “at the airport”, and the CIG says she was arrested in 1972, on her return from Brazil."]},{"id":"maria-antonia-palla","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Antónia Palla","nome_completo":"Maria Antónia de Assis dos Santos Palla e Carmo","nascimento":{"data":"1933"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["journalist","feminist","co-author of the RTP series “Nome Mulher” (Name: Woman)","president of the League for Women’s Rights","first woman vice-president of the Journalists’ Union"],"resumo":"A pioneering journalist, the first woman in the newsroom of the “O Século” company. With Antónia de Sousa she made the series “Nome Mulher” (Name: Woman, 1974–1976) for RTP, whose report “O aborto não é um crime” (Abortion Is Not a Crime) took her to court. She was acquitted.","texto":"She was born in 1933. In 1968 she joined the newsroom of the Diário Popular with Margarida Silva Dias and Maria Armanda Passos, the first group of women journalists to be hired there through an open competition. Dismissed for insisting on writing a review of May ’68 in Paris, she moved to O Século Ilustrado and was the first woman in the newsroom of the O Século company. Before 25 April she rose to managing editor of the magazine.\n\nBetween 1974 and 1976 she made, with Antónia de Sousa, the fortnightly RTP programme Nome Mulher (Name: Woman), about women’s problems and struggles: divorce, single mothers, cohabitation. On 4 February 1976 the report “O aborto não é um crime” (Abortion Is Not a Crime) went on the air. The programme was suspended, and the management of the Alfredo da Costa Maternity Hospital filed a complaint against her for the “illegal practice of medicine”. She was tried in 1979 and acquitted.\n\nOn 13 January 1975 she stayed to the end of the Women’s Liberation Movement demonstration in Parque Eduardo VII, although she never belonged to the movement. Years later she dismissed the legend that bras had been burnt there: “It’s all lies.” She was the first woman vice-president of the board of the Journalists’ Union, in 1979–1980, and in 1985 she became president of the League for Women’s Rights. In 2013 she was among the women who founded the Ana de Castro Osório Specialist Library.","lugares":[{"lugar":"o-seculo","papel":"First woman in the newsroom of the “O Século” company; managing editor of “O Século Ilustrado” (before 1974)"},{"lugar":"parque-eduardo-vii","papel":"Watched the MLM demonstration (13 January 1975)"}],"wikidata":"Q60181119","fontes":[{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Nome Mulher","editora":"Wikipédia (inglês)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_Mulher"},{"titulo":"A manifestação feminista que não chegou a acontecer, 45 anos depois (Rafaela Cortez, 26/4/2020)","editora":"Comunidade Cultura e Arte","url":"https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/a-manifestacao-feminista-que-nao-chegou-a-acontecer-45-anos-depois/"}],"por_confirmar":["The charges: “illegal practice of medicine”, in the complaint by the Alfredo da Costa Maternity Hospital (CIG, Wikipedia); “offending public decency and incitement to crime”, in her own account to Comunidade Cultura e Arte.","Which Lisbon court she was tried in, in 1979.","Whether the newsroom of “O Século Ilustrado” was in the newspaper’s building, on Rua de O Século."]},{"id":"maria-barroso","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Barroso","nome_completo":"Maria de Jesus Simões Barroso Soares","nascimento":{"data":"1925-05-02","local":"Olhão"},"morte":{"data":"2015-07-07","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["actress","teacher","founder of the Socialist Party","opposition parliamentary candidate (1969)"],"resumo":"An actress who recited poetry against the regime, she was an opposition candidate in 1969 and the only woman to speak at the opening of the Aveiro Congress, in 1973. She was at the founding of the Socialist Party and, on 28 April 1974, accompanied Mário Soares on the train that brought him back from exile to Santa Apolónia.","texto":"She was born in Olhão in 1925. She came from a family of democrats and opponents of the dictatorship. She trained in Dramatic Art at the National Conservatory and in History and Philosophy at the Lisbon Faculty of Letters, and was a stage and film actress. She gave poetry recitals as an act of activism, often accompanied by Fernando Lopes-Graça’s choir, reciting verse by poets opposed to the regime, among them those of the Novo Cancioneiro (New Songbook). Accused of reciting subversive poetry, she was expelled from the National Theatre, barred from acting and questioned by the PIDE.\n\nIn 1949 she married Mário Soares by proxy, while he was imprisoned for political reasons. Around that time she was teaching at the Colégio Moderno, until she was banned from teaching in both state and private schools. She took part in the presidential campaigns of Norton de Matos and Humberto Delgado. In the 1969 elections she stood as an opposition candidate for parliament, on the lists of the Electoral Commission for Democratic Unity (CEUD). In 1973 she spoke at the 3rd Congress of the Democratic Opposition, in Aveiro, and was the only woman to speak at the opening session. That same year, in Germany, she took part with her husband in the founding of the Socialist Party; she was the only woman present.\n\nOn 28 April 1974 she accompanied Soares on the train that brought him back from exile in France; a photograph kept by the Mário Soares and Maria Barroso Foundation shows the two of them on board. At Santa Apolónia station a crowd was waiting for them. Soares spoke from a balcony of the station, loudhailer in hand, and went on to the Palácio da Cova da Moura for a meeting with General Spínola. Maria Barroso died in Lisbon in 2015.","lugares":[{"lugar":"santa-apolonia","papel":"Arrival from exile with Mário Soares (28 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Married Mário Soares by proxy while he was held in the prison (22 February 1949)"},{"lugar":"teatro-nacional-d-maria-ii","papel":"Actress with the Rey Colaço–Robles Monteiro company, removed on the orders of the police and the Ministry of Education (1944–1948)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Deputy in the Assembly of the Republic (1976–1983)"}],"wikidata":"Q75062","fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Maria Barroso (Q75062)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75062"},{"titulo":"Exposição «Mulheres que mudaram a vida política em Portugal»","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/Exposicao-As-mulheres-que-mudaram-Portugal.aspx"},{"titulo":"III Congresso da Oposição Democrática, em Aveiro","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/04/04/iii-congresso-da-oposicao-democratica-em-aveiro/"}],"por_confirmar":["The place of birth: Olhão, according to Wikidata; Lisbon, according to the Assembly of the Republic’s exhibition. The days of birth (2 May 1925) and death (7 July 2015), and the place of death, come only from Wikidata; the CIG gives only the years, 1925–2015.","Where in France, and on which day, the train on which they returned set out.","When she was expelled from the National Theatre and banned from teaching: the Assembly of the Republic’s exhibition gives no dates."]},{"id":"maria-candida-parreira","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Cândida Parreira","nome_completo":"Maria Cândida Bragança de Oliveira Parreira","nascimento":{"data":"1877-01-16","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"1942-07-28","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["lawyer","writer and lecturer","deputy in the National Assembly (1st legislature, 1935–1938)"],"resumo":"A Lisbon lawyer who graduated in Law in 1919, she was one of the first three Portuguese women deputies, elected in 1934 on the National Union lists, under the Estado Novo.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon in 1877. She graduated in Law in 1919 and was a lawyer, writer and lecturer. She described herself as a practising Catholic.\n\nIn the elections of 16 December 1934 she was elected on the National Union lists and, with Domitila de Carvalho and Maria Guardiola, became one of the first three Portuguese women deputies. She sat in the National Assembly during the 1st legislature, from 1935 to 1938. This is how she explained the opening of parliament to women: Salazar had chosen those who “can contribute, through their profession, in matters of Family, Welfare and Education”. She died in Lisbon in 1942.","lugares":[{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Deputy in the National Assembly (1935)"}],"wikidata":"Q16593026","fontes":[{"titulo":"Um olhar sobre a participação feminina na Assembleia Nacional: a deputada Virgínia Faria Gersão (Faces de Eva, n.º 47)","editora":"Susana Fontes e Sónia Coelho / Faces de Eva (SciELO Portugal)","url":"https://scielo.pt/pdf/eva/n47/0874-6885-eva-47-77.pdf"},{"titulo":"Maria Cândida Parreira","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_C%C3%A2ndida_Parreira"},{"titulo":"O voto das mulheres em Portugal (Irene Flunser Pimentel, 29/9/2013)","editora":"jugular (blogue, SAPO)","url":"https://jugular.blogs.sapo.pt/3620156.html"}],"por_confirmar":["The days of birth (16 January 1877) and death (28 July 1942) come only from Wikipedia; Faces de Eva gives only the years.","Where and when she published the explanation of Salazar’s choice: Irene Flunser Pimentel quotes it without giving the source."]},{"id":"maria-clara-correia-alves","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Clara Correia Alves","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1869-05-03","local":"Montemor-o-Novo (Nossa Senhora do Bispo)"},"morte":{"data":"1948-02-02","local":"Lisbon (São Jorge de Arroios)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["teacher","journalist and editor","editor of the CNMP’s “Boletim Oficial” and “Alma Feminina”","freethinker and Freemason"],"resumo":"A republican teacher and journalist, she was active in the Republican League of Portuguese Women and in Freemasonry, and edited the publications of the National Council of Portuguese Women: the “Boletim Oficial” (Official Bulletin), from 1914, and the magazine “Alma Feminina” (Feminine Soul), from 1917.","texto":"She was born in Montemor-o-Novo in 1869 and settled in Lisbon while still young. She married in 1886, aged 16, in the Church of Santa Catarina, and shortly afterwards began teaching girls on Rua do Poço dos Negros. A republican and anticlerical, she joined the Republican League of Portuguese Women before the first decade of the 20th century was out, and worked there with Adelaide Cabete, Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, Maria Veleda, Angélica Viana Porto and Ana de Castro Osório. A freethinker, she joined the Portuguese Freethought Federation, where she came across Deolinda Lopes Vieira, and was initiated into Freemasonry in the Humanidade Lodge of the Grande Oriente Lusitano.\n\nShe edited the publications of the National Council of Portuguese Women: the Boletim Oficial (Official Bulletin), whose first issue came out in November 1914, and the magazine Alma Feminina (Feminine Soul), from January 1917. In 1920, when the Uruguayan feminist Paulina Luisi was in Lisbon, she spoke at one of the lectures organised in her honour.\n\nIn the 1930s she ran the Municipal Library of Lisbon’s 2nd Bairro (district). She died in 1948, aged 78, at her home at no. 139 Avenida Almirante Reis.","lugares":[{"lugar":"liga-republicana-mulheres","papel":"Activist in the Republican League of Portuguese Women (first decade of the 20th century)"},{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"Editor of the CNMP’s publications (1914-1917)"}],"wikidata":"Q88469577","fontes":[{"titulo":"Boletim Oficial do Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas, Lisboa, [1914]-1916 (registo)","editora":"Biblioteca Nacional Digital","url":"https://purl.pt/24149"},{"titulo":"Alma Feminina: boletim oficial do Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas, Lisboa, 1917-1946 (registo)","editora":"Biblioteca Nacional Digital","url":"https://purl.pt/24278"},{"titulo":"Maria Clara Correia Alves","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Clara_Correia_Alves"},{"titulo":"Liga Republicana das Mulheres Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Republicana_das_Mulheres_Portuguesas"}],"por_confirmar":["The dates and places of birth, marriage and death come only from Wikipedia, which cites the parish and civil registers.","Until when she edited “Alma Feminina”: until 1920, according to Wikipedia; the National Library’s record, which covers the magazine from 1917 to 1946, lists her as editor, without dates."]},{"id":"maria-da-conceicao-moita","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria da Conceição Moita","nome_completo":"Maria da Conceição Moita («Xexão»)","nascimento":{"data":"1937-04-05","local":"Alcanena"},"morte":{"data":"2021-03-30"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["nursery-school teacher","progressive Catholic","organiser of the Capela do Rato vigil","supporter of the Revolutionary Brigades","political prisoner"],"resumo":"An educator and progressive Catholic, she was the one who, at the microphone of the Capela do Rato, announced the vigil of 30 December 1972 against the colonial war. Arrested by the PIDE/DGS in December 1973 and tortured, she did not leave Caxias until 26 April 1974.","texto":"She was born in Alcanena on 5 April 1937 and came to Lisbon at the age of ten, with her grandmother and her older brother. Known as Xexão, she trained as a nursery-school teacher, taught Religion and Morals in secondary schools (liceus) in Lisbon and Barreiro, worked in the O Ninho movement with poor girls who were working as prostitutes, and ran a section of the Casa Pia.\n\nA progressive Catholic, she led the Boletim Anti-Colonial (Anti-Colonial Bulletin) group with her brother, Luís Moita, and Isabel Pimentel, and was one of the organisers of the Capela do Rato vigil against the colonial war. On 30 December 1972, at the end of the afternoon Mass, she went up to the microphone and announced, on behalf of a group of Christians, a “48-hour vigil”, with fasting, in protest against the war. The priest celebrating Mass, João Seabra Diniz, knew her well from the community and was not surprised when she went up to the altar. When the police broke up the vigil, she was taken with the others to the police station to be identified but, unlike some, she was not held; summoned by the PIDE to give a statement, she said she had been at the back and did not know who had read the declaration.\n\nAlso in 1972, approached by Carlos Antunes, she gave logistical support to the Revolutionary Brigades: she rented a house in her own name for people living underground and gave lifts. On 6 December 1973, after several of her comrades had been arrested, among them her brother Luís, she was arrested as she was preparing to flee to Paris. She was included in the case that the DGS had opened in Caxias on 24 November against people linked to the Brigades and to an anti-colonial group; she was slapped until she fainted and subjected several times to sleep torture — the first time for seven days and eight nights, with fourteen hours of the “statue” torture. She was held in isolation in Caxias until 25 April, and only came out on 26 April 1974.\n\nAfter the revolution she devoted herself to early-childhood education and to civic and Catholic activism. She died on 30 March 2021, aged 83.","lugares":[{"lugar":"capela-do-rato","papel":"Announces the vigil for peace at the end of Mass (30 December 1972)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned in Caxias until 26 April 1974 (6 December 1973)"}],"wikidata":"Q106509027","fontes":[{"titulo":"Maria da Conceição Moita","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Moita"},{"titulo":"Vigília da Capela do Rato","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vig%C3%ADlia_da_Capela_do_Rato"},{"titulo":"Caso da Capela do Rato","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/12/30/caso-da-capela-do-rato/"},{"titulo":"«A paz é possível»: algumas notas sobre o caso da Capela do Rato (António de Araújo)","editora":"Lusitania Sacra, 2.ª série, 16 (2004), pp. 431-463 – Universidade Católica Portuguesa","url":"https://revistas.ucp.pt/index.php/lusitaniasacra/article/download/7084/6861"},{"titulo":"Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen: militância antifascista a partir da crise do Estado Novo (tese de doutoramento, Eloísa da Silva Aragão, 2017)","editora":"Universidade de São Paulo","url":"https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-24052018-131600/publico/2017_EloisaDaSilvaAragao_VCorr.pdf"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of her arrest, 6 December 1973, and the escape to Paris she was preparing come from Wikipedia, which cites the book “Os Últimos Presos do Estado Novo” (The Last Prisoners of the Estado Novo), by Joana Pereira Bastos; she herself, in 2014, said only “in December ’73”.","Whether she was an active member of the Revolutionary Brigades, as Carlos Antunes (quoted by António de Araújo) and Eloísa Aragão’s thesis say, or only a supporter, as she said in 2014: “the only thing I did before 25 April was to support some actions of the Revolutionary Brigades”.","Who decided that she would be the one to read the declaration in the Capela do Rato: Carlos Antunes says it was he, “for reasons of discipline”; the Catholics’ accounts speak of a group decision, and António de Araújo records Antunes’s version with reservations.","Her full name: “Maria da Conceição Victor Moita”, according to the 1973 DGS case file quoted by António de Araújo."]},{"id":"maria-de-lourdes-pintasilgo","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo","nome_completo":"Maria de Lourdes Ruivo da Silva Pintasilgo","nascimento":{"data":"1930-01-18","local":"Abrantes"},"morte":{"data":"2004-07-10","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["chemical engineer","member (procuradora) of the Corporative Chamber","Minister of Social Affairs","prime minister (1979–1980)","founder of the Commission on the Status of Women"],"resumo":"An engineer and progressive Catholic, from 1970 she prepared what would become the Commission on the Status of Women, was Minister of Social Affairs in 1974–1975 and the only woman to have headed a government in Portugal (1979–1980).","texto":"She was born in Abrantes on 18 January 1930. In 1953 she graduated in Industrial Chemical Engineering from the Instituto Superior Técnico, in a year of 250 students with only three women; she worked at the Nuclear Energy Board and at CUF, which for the first time took on a woman among its senior technical staff. She presided over the Catholic University Women’s Youth (Juventude Universitária Católica Feminina) and over Pax Romana, and founded the Grail movement in Portugal.\n\nIn 1969 she turned down Marcelo Caetano’s invitation to become a deputy, but agreed to be a member (procuradora) of the Corporative Chamber, where she was outvoted on opinions such as the one on press freedom. From 1970, at the Ministry of Corporations, she coordinated a working group on policy for women, which in 1973 gave rise to the Commission for Social Policy on Women and, in 1975, to the Commission on the Status of Women. In 1974 she wrote the preface to the second edition of Novas Cartas Portuguesas (New Portuguese Letters).\n\nAfter 25 April she was Secretary of State for Social Security and Minister of Social Affairs in the Second and Third Provisional Governments, between July 1974 and March 1975; she introduced the principle of universal social benefits. She was later ambassador to UNESCO.\n\nAt the invitation of President Ramalho Eanes, she headed the Fifth Constitutional Government, from 1 August 1979 to 3 January 1980 — the first and, to this day, the only woman prime minister of Portugal. One of the aides to that government’s Secretary of State for Culture was Maria Velho da Costa. She stood for the Presidency of the Republic in 1986 and died in Lisbon on 10 July 2004.","lugares":[{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Member (procuradora) of the Corporative Chamber, which sat in the palace (1969–1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q235916","fontes":[{"titulo":"Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo faleceu há quinze anos (julho de 2019)","editora":"CIG","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/2019/07/maria-lourdes-pintasilgo-faleceu-ha-quinze-anos/"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"História da CIG","editora":"Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género (CIG)","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/area-a-cig/historia-da-cig/"},{"titulo":"Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_de_Lourdes_Pintasilgo"},{"titulo":"V Constitutional Government of Portugal","editora":"Wikipédia (inglês)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Constitutional_Government_of_Portugal"},{"titulo":"Maria de Lourdes Ruivo da Silva Matos Pintasilgo – nota biográfica","editora":"Arquivo Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo / Fundação Cuidar o Futuro","url":"https://www.arquivopintasilgo.pt/arquivopintasilgo/Site/Categoria2.aspx?cat=33"},{"titulo":"Biografia de Maria de Lurdes Pintassilgo","editora":"RTP Ensina","url":"https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/biografia-de-maria-de-lurdes-pintassilgo/"},{"titulo":"Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo (Q235916)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235916"},{"titulo":"Morreu a escritora Maria Velho da Costa, uma das autoras das Novas Cartas Portuguesas (23/5/2020)","editora":"Observador","url":"https://observador.pt/2020/05/23/morreu-a-escritora-maria-velho-da-costa-uma-das-autora-das-novas-cartas-portuguesas/"}],"por_confirmar":["The date she took over as chair of the Commission for Social Policy on Women (November 1973, according to Wikipedia).","Whether she was the first woman minister in Portugal, as is often said: neither the Pintasilgo Archive nor Wikipedia states it.","The exact date she was sworn in as Secretary of State (May 1974).","A place in Lisbon with a documented address linked to her work in the 1970s (the ministry, the Commission on the Status of Women)."]},{"id":"maria-guardiola","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Guardiola","nome_completo":"Maria Baptista dos Santos Guardiola","nascimento":{"data":"1895-01-13","local":"Bragança (Sé)"},"morte":{"data":"1987-09-27","local":"Lisbon (São Sebastião da Pedreira)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["Mathematics teacher","headmistress of the Liceu Maria Amália Vaz de Carvalho (1928–1946)","deputy in the National Assembly","leader in the Mothers’ Work (Obra das Mães) and the Women’s Portuguese Youth (Mocidade Portuguesa Feminina)"],"resumo":"A Mathematics teacher and headmistress of the Liceu Maria Amália Vaz de Carvalho, she was one of the first three women elected as deputies, in 1934, and a central figure in the women’s organisations of the Estado Novo (“New State”).","texto":"She was born in Bragança in 1895. She graduated in Mathematics in 1920 and taught at the country’s leading girls’ secondary schools (liceus); she was headmistress of the Liceu Maria Amália Vaz de Carvalho from 1928 to 1946.\n\nIn the elections of 16 December 1934 she entered the National Assembly with Domitila de Carvalho and Maria Cândida Parreira: they were the first three women deputies in Portugal. She was a deputy in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th legislatures and for many years held leading posts in the Mothers’ Work (Obra das Mães) and in the Women’s Portuguese Youth (Mocidade Portuguesa Feminina). The Dicionário no Feminino (Dictionary in the Feminine) calls her “one of the most important and emblematic women of the Estado Novo”.\n\nHer presence shows the other side of this story: it was not the Republic that opened the doors of parliament to women, it was the dictatorship, albeit in a very restricted way. For the researchers Susana Fontes and Sónia Coelho, this was a strategy of Salazar’s, who saw women as “a necessary means of building and spreading the ideology of the Estado Novo”. She died in Lisbon in 1987, aged 92.","lugares":[{"lugar":"liceu-maria-amalia-vaz-de-carvalho","papel":"Headmistress (1928–1946)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Deputy in the National Assembly (1935)"}],"wikidata":"Q10325737","fontes":[{"titulo":"Um olhar sobre a participação feminina na Assembleia Nacional: a deputada Virgínia Faria Gersão (Faces de Eva, n.º 47)","editora":"Susana Fontes e Sónia Coelho / Faces de Eva (SciELO Portugal)","url":"https://scielo.pt/pdf/eva/n47/0874-6885-eva-47-77.pdf"},{"titulo":"Maria Baptista dos Santos Guardiola","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Baptista_dos_Santos_Guardiola"},{"titulo":"O voto das mulheres em Portugal (Irene Flunser Pimentel, 29/9/2013)","editora":"jugular (blogue, SAPO)","url":"https://jugular.blogs.sapo.pt/3620156.html"}],"por_confirmar":["The legislatures in which she was a deputy: the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th, according to the journal Faces de Eva; Wikipedia says she was one from 1935 to 1945."]},{"id":"maria-isabel-barreno","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Isabel Barreno","nome_completo":"Maria Isabel Barreno de Faria Martins","nascimento":{"data":"1939-07-10","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"2016-09-03"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["writer","researcher","co-author of “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” (New Portuguese Letters)","co-founder of the Women’s Liberation Movement"],"resumo":"A writer and researcher, one of the “Three Marias”. Tried over “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” (New Portuguese Letters) and acquitted on 7 May 1974, she saw the greatest consequence of the case in the Constitution: equality for all, “without distinction of race, sex or religion”.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon on 10 July 1939, the daughter of a merchant navy captain and a housewife. She graduated in Historical and Philosophical Sciences from the Faculty of Letters in 1962 and was a researcher at the National Institute for Industrial Research, where she got to know the world of work and saw women “pushed into invisibility”. A cleaner in the department where she worked died while having her twenty-fourth home abortion.\n\nIn 1970 she published Os Outros Legítimos Superiores (The Other Legitimate Superiors), in which she denounced the symbolic silence imposed on women. With Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa she wrote Novas Cartas Portuguesas (New Portuguese Letters), which Estúdios Cor published in April 1972 and the censors seized a few days later. The three were tried at the Boa-Hora Court from 25 October 1973, together with the publisher Romeu de Melo; Maria Lamas was a defence witness for Barreno. On 7 May 1974 they were acquitted, and their lawyer, Duarte Vidal, told the Diário de Lisboa that the judiciary had been “dignified” by the verdict.\n\nOf 25 April, she remembered “being freed of a weight that was crushing us”. And for her the most important consequence of the trial, and of the international attention it brought, lay in the new Constitution: equal rights for all citizens, “without distinction of race, sex or religion”. She took part in founding the Women’s Liberation Movement, in 1974.\n\nShe published novels, short stories and essays — A Morte da Mãe (The Mother’s Death), begun before the Novas Cartas, and Crónica do Tempo (Chronicle of Time), winner of the Fernando Namora Prize — and was managing editor of the magazine Marie Claire from 1990 to 1993. She died on 3 September 2016, aged 77.","lugares":[{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Tried and acquitted in the “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” case (from 25 October 1973 to 7 May 1974)"},{"lugar":"parque-eduardo-vii","papel":"Co-founder of the MLM, which organised the 1975 demonstration (13 January 1975)"}],"wikidata":"Q443726","fontes":[{"titulo":"Morreu Maria Isabel Barreno, feroz defensora dos direitos das mulheres (3/9/2016)","editora":"Observador","url":"https://observador.pt/2016/09/03/morreu-maria-isabel-barreno-uma-das-tres-marias/"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"«Novas Cartas Portuguesas» – Julgamento secreto (Diário de Lisboa, 25/10/1973)","editora":"Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa – Livros que foram notícia","url":"https://hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt/LivrosQueForamNoticia/NovasCartasPortuguesas/DiariodeLisboa_25Out1973_0001.pdf"},{"titulo":"«As Três Marias foram absolvidas» / «Absolvição para as Novas Cartas Portuguesas» (Diário de Lisboa, 8 de maio de 1974)","editora":"Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa – Livros que foram notícia","url":"https://hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt/LivrosQueForamNoticia/NovasCartasPortuguesas/DiariodeLisboa_04Mai1974_0001_0017.pdf"},{"titulo":"Novas Cartas Portuguesas","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/novas-cartas-portuguesas/"},{"titulo":"Movimento de Libertação das Mulheres","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_de_Liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Mulheres"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas, a ativista pelos direitos das mulheres (Virgínia Baptista, IHC – NOVA FCSH)","editora":"RUN – Repositório da Universidade Nova de Lisboa","url":"https://run.unl.pt/server/api/core/bitstreams/632717b4-c6c1-46e1-8dfb-020e2ddd1e26/content"},{"titulo":"Maria Isabel Barreno","editora":"MDM – Movimento Democrático de Mulheres","url":"https://www.mdm.org.pt/maria-isabel-barreno/"},{"titulo":"Itinerário «Novas Cartas Portuguesas»","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/evento/novas-cartas-portuguesas-itinerario-2/"},{"titulo":"“As três Marias foram absolvidas”","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/05/07/as-tres-marias-foram-absolvidas/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Processo “Novas Cartas Portuguesas”","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/10/25/processo-novas-cartas-portuguesas/"},{"titulo":"Maria Isabel Barreno","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Isabel_Barreno"},{"titulo":"Novas Cartas Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (ponto de partida)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novas_Cartas_Portuguesas"}],"por_confirmar":["The date of birth: 10 July 1939 (MDM, Wikipedia, Wikidata) or 7 October 1939 (Commemorative Commission for the 50th Anniversary of 25 April).","The place of death: Observador mentions the cremation at the Olivais cemetery, without saying where she died.","Whether she was at the MLM demonstration in Parque Eduardo VII on 13 January 1975 (the sources consulted name her as a founder of the movement, not as a demonstrator that day)."]},{"id":"maria-jose-morgado","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria José Morgado","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1951-06-27"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["law student","MRPP activist","political prisoner","public prosecutor"],"resumo":"A law student and MRPP activist, she was arrested by the PIDE on 22 October 1973, interrogated at the headquarters on Rua António Maria Cardoso and tortured in Caxias. By then a public prosecutor, she went back to the door of the building in 2005 to ask for it to be preserved.","texto":"She was born in 1951 and studied at the Lisbon Faculty of Law. An MRPP activist, she belonged to a group of anti-fascist students who met, handed out leaflets, demonstrated against the colonial war and wrote their positions on the walls. “We had no means of any kind, no pistols, no bombs”, she recalled. At 19 she went underground: an arrest warrant accused her of “very serious crimes against the security of the State”. In February 1972 she was suspended from the faculty “for disturbances”, with José António Ribeiro Santos and José Galamba de Oliveira.\n\nShe was arrested on 22 October 1973 — “a beautiful morning”, she recalled — when she was just over 20. PIDE agents came for her at the house where she was sheltering, near the Feira da Ladra, and took her to the political police headquarters on Rua António Maria Cardoso. On the interrogation floor — the “investigation phase” (fase de instrução), in the police’s euphemism — she was slapped several times and humiliated. In Caxias Fort, the “investigation” went on with five days of sleep torture and beatings with a hippopotamus-hide whip (cavalo-marinho).\n\nShe joined the Public Prosecutor’s Office as a magistrate in 1979. In March 2005, on one of the guided visits that the Biblioteca-Museu República e Resistência (Republic and Resistance Library-Museum) organised at the door of the former PIDE building, she recalled her arrest there and argued that the place should be preserved: “This is not a folklore memory. A former political prisoner is not a Martian.”","lugares":[{"lugar":"sede-pide","papel":"Interrogated, slapped and humiliated at the headquarters; in 2005 she gave her testimony at the door of the building (October 1973)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Five days of sleep torture and beatings (October 1973)"},{"lugar":"cidade-universitaria","papel":"Suspended from the Faculty of Law, with Ribeiro Santos (February 1972)"}],"wikidata":"Q10325927","fontes":[{"titulo":"À soleira da porta da Pide","editora":"Jornal de Notícias (13/3/2005)","url":"https://www.jn.pt/arquivo/artigo/a-soleira-da-porta-da-pide-/497876"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"«A paz é possível»: algumas notas sobre o caso da Capela do Rato (António de Araújo)","editora":"Lusitania Sacra, 2.ª série, 16 (2004), pp. 431-463 – Universidade Católica Portuguesa","url":"https://revistas.ucp.pt/index.php/lusitaniasacra/article/download/7084/6861"},{"titulo":"Maria José Capelo Rodrigues Morgado","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/maria-jose-capelo-rodrigues-morgado"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of birth, 27 June 1951, appears only in Wikidata; the CIG gives only the year, and none of the sources says where she was born.","How long she was held, and whether she was only released with 25 April.","The interrogation floor: “the fourth floor”, in her account to the Jornal de Notícias; the third floor, according to the other sources on the PIDE headquarters — perhaps a difference in the way the floors are counted."]},{"id":"maria-lamas","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Lamas","nome_completo":"Maria da Conceição Vassalo e Silva da Cunha Lamas","nascimento":{"data":"1893-10-06","local":"Torres Novas"},"morte":{"data":"1983-12-06","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["journalist","writer","president of the National Council of Portuguese Women (1945–1947)","president of the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace","political prisoner"],"resumo":"A journalist and writer, she edited “Modas e Bordados” (Fashions and Embroidery), chaired the National Council of Portuguese Women until the regime closed it down in 1947, and responded with “As Mulheres do Meu País” (The Women of My Country). She was arrested several times and lived in exile in Paris.","texto":"She was born in Torres Novas on 6 October 1893. Divorced, and the mother of three daughters, she made her living from journalism: in the 1920s she joined the Agência Americana de Notícias (American News Agency) with the support of Virgínia Quaresma, and she was one of the country’s first professional women journalists. She published her first book, of poetry, in 1923, and also wrote for children, sometimes as “Rosa Silvestre”.\n\nIn 1928, at the invitation of Ferreira de Castro, she became editor of Modas e Bordados (Fashions and Embroidery), the supplement of O Século, written “from woman to woman”. In 1930 she organised the exhibition “Mulheres Portuguesas” (Portuguese Women) at the newspaper, under the slogan “Let us be intelligently women” (Sejamos inteligentemente mulheres). She chaired the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace and, from July 1945, the National Council of Portuguese Women. Signing the lists of the MUD Juvenil (Youth Movement of Democratic Unity) that year was, for her, her first political act: “In doing so, I came out of anonymity”.\n\nIn January 1947 the Council brought together three thousand books written by women at the National Society of Fine Arts. Under pressure from Salazar, the editor of O Século forced her to choose between the newspaper and the Council; she chose the Council, which the police closed down on 28 June that year. She responded by travelling the country: As Mulheres do Meu País (The Women of My Country), published in instalments between 1948 and 1950, is a great work of reportage on the life and work of Portuguese women.\n\nIn 1949, at a meeting of Norton de Matos’s campaign, she asked: “Could it be that the Estado Novo is afraid of women’s enlightened minds?” She was arrested several times and taken to Caxias. During her 1950 imprisonment, which lasted six months, she wrote the Cartas Políticas (Political Letters), and a sentence of hers from that time remains: “I looked around me and began to take more notice of the other women: some resigned and heroic in their courage and silence.” In December 1953 she was arrested at the airport, on her way back from a meeting of the World Peace Council. She went into exile in Paris from 1962 to 1969, supporting Portuguese refugees.\n\nOn 1 March 1974, at the age of eighty, she gave evidence at the Boa-Hora Court as a defence witness for Maria Isabel Barreno, one of the “Three Marias”. After 25 April she was honorary president of the Democratic Women’s Movement and honorary editor of Mulher – Modas e Bordados (Woman – Fashions and Embroidery). She died in Lisbon in 1983.","lugares":[{"lugar":"o-seculo","papel":"Edited the magazine “Modas e Bordados” at the newspaper “O Século” and organised the 1930 exhibition there (1928/1930–1947)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Character witness for Maria Alda Nogueira at the Plenary Court (22 October 1960)"},{"lugar":"afpp-sede","papel":"President of the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace (1938)"},{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"President of the CNMP’s board (1945)"},{"lugar":"snba","papel":"Organised the Exhibition of Books Written by Women (4 January 1947)"},{"lugar":"cnmp-amoreiras","papel":"Saw the CNMP headquarters closed down by the police (28 June 1947)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned and held in isolation (1949)"},{"lugar":"aeroporto","papel":"Arrested by the PIDE at the airport on her return from a meeting of the World Peace Council (20 December 1953)"},{"lugar":"padaria-do-povo","papel":"Honorary president of the MDM, founded at an assembly at the Padaria do Povo (1975)"},{"lugar":"voz-do-operario","papel":"Rally for Norton de Matos’s candidacy (10 February 1949)"}],"wikidata":"Q10325967","fontes":[{"titulo":"Maria Lamas, a ativista pelos direitos das mulheres (Virgínia Baptista, IHC – NOVA FCSH)","editora":"RUN – Repositório da Universidade Nova de Lisboa","url":"https://run.unl.pt/server/api/core/bitstreams/632717b4-c6c1-46e1-8dfb-020e2ddd1e26/content"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas e As Mulheres do Meu País ou a deslocalização de uma intelectual (Teresa Joaquim, CEMRI)","editora":"Repositório Aberto da Universidade Aberta","url":"https://repositorioaberto.uab.pt/server/api/core/bitstreams/04e4e494-840a-4be3-88c7-d18649499a9f/content"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas","editora":"MDM – Movimento Democrático de Mulheres","url":"https://mdm.org.pt/maria-lamas/"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas (18/7/2024)","editora":"Museu do Aljube – Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/en/2024/07/18/maria-lamas-4/"},{"titulo":"Um olhar sobre a vida de Maria Lamas","editora":"Gerador","url":"https://gerador.eu/perfil-maria-lamas/"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas","editora":"Wikipédia (inglês)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lamas"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas, a mulher que desafiou o Estado Novo (Ana Sofia Paiva, 27/5/2019)","editora":"FCSH+Lisboa – NOVA FCSH","url":"https://maislisboa.fcsh.unl.pt/maria-lamas-a-mulher-que-desafiou-o-estado-novo/"},{"titulo":"As Mulheres do Meu País, de Maria Lamas","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/iniciativas/as-mulheres-do-meu-pais-maria-lamas/"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/07/18/maria-lamas-3/"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/10/20/maria-lamas/"},{"titulo":"Dia Internacional da Mulher","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2026/03/08/dia-internacional-da-mulher/"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lamas"},{"titulo":"Candidatura de Norton de Matos [...] comício de Lisboa (Voz do Operário). Maria Lamas, Manuel João da Palma Carlos e Cesina Bermudes – fotografia (cota 04654.000.026)","editora":"Casa Comum – Fundação Mário Soares e Maria Barroso","url":"https://casacomum.org/visualizador?cota=04654.000.026"},{"titulo":"Novas Cartas Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (ponto de partida)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novas_Cartas_Portuguesas"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas: uma Mulher do seu País (6/12/2023)","editora":"A Voz do Operário","url":"https://vozoperario.pt/jornal/2023/12/06/maria-lamas-uma-mulher-do-seu-pais/"},{"titulo":"A Rua Maria Lamas no 120º aniversário da escritora","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/rua-maria-lamas-no-seu-1893/"},{"titulo":"Ser mulher em Lisboa: a associação que agitou o regime no século XX (Ana Sofia Paiva, 8/3/2019)","editora":"FCSH+Lisboa – NOVA FCSH","url":"https://maislisboa.fcsh.unl.pt/ser-mulher-em-lisboa-a-associacao-que-agitou-o-regime-no-seculo-xx/"}],"por_confirmar":["The dates of her arrests: four (1949, 1950, 1951 and 1953) according to Virgínia Baptista; three, between 1949 and 1962, according to the Aljube Museum; 1949, 1953 and 1962 according to Wikipedia.","When she started at “Modas e Bordados”: 1928 (Virgínia Baptista; Wikipedia) or 1930 (CIG); the MDM gives April 1929 for her joining “O Século”.","The number of instalments of “As Mulheres do Meu País”: 15 (Virgínia Baptista) or 24 (Teresa Joaquim).","The dates of her exiles: Virgínia Baptista gives 1953, 1956–1957 and 1961–1969; the MDM gives Madeira from the end of 1957 to 1959 and Paris from June 1962 to 3 December 1969.","The date of death (6 December 1983) was read only in Wikidata.","That the airport where she was arrested in December 1953 is Lisbon’s: the MDM writes only “at the Airport”."]},{"id":"maria-lourenca-cabecinha","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Lourença Cabecinha","nome_completo":"Maria Lourença Calção Cabecinha","nascimento":{"data":"1933-03-17","local":"São Romão, Montemor-o-Novo"},"morte":{"data":"2022-01-07"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["farm worker","underground full-time PCP worker","political prisoner"],"resumo":"A farm worker from the Alentejo and an underground full-time PCP worker, she was arrested in 1964. In Caxias she endured gruelling interrogations and psychological torture, and studied with other women prisoners, among them Alda Nogueira.","texto":"She was born on 17 March 1933 in São Romão, Montemor-o-Novo, the daughter of farm workers. She started working in the fields at 12 and joined the PCP in 1948, at 15. In 1952 she became a full-time party worker and went to live underground with her husband, António Gervásio, and their three-month-old son, who at the age of three was handed over to his grandparents.\n\nWhen her husband was arrested again, in 1963, she stayed underground. She was arrested in July 1964. In Caxias Fort she was subjected to gruelling interrogations, psychological torture, lack of medical care and discrimination, “but never tortured”. In prison she studied Portuguese and French with Fernanda Paiva Tomás, Mathematics and Geography with Alda Nogueira, and hygiene, health and mother-and-child care with Julieta Gandra.\n\nIn January 1965 she was sentenced to two years and ten months of major imprisonment and to security measures, which she began serving in 1967. Released in September 1969, she went back underground in July 1970 and stayed there until 28 May 1974. She died in 2022.","lugares":[{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned in Caxias from 1964 to 1969, where she studied with Fernanda Paiva Tomás, Alda Nogueira and Julieta Gandra (July 1964)"}],"wikidata":"Q110501194","fontes":[{"titulo":"Maria Lourença Cabecinha (testemunho e biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/maria-lourenco-cabecinha/"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"}],"por_confirmar":["The date of death, 7 January 2022, is given only by Wikidata."]},{"id":"maria-luisa-van-zeller","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Luísa van Zeller","nome_completo":"Maria Luísa de Saldanha da Gama van Zeller","nascimento":{"data":"1906-12-16","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"1983-03-04"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["doctor","assistant commissioner of the Women’s Portuguese Youth (1938)","deputy in the National Assembly (1938–1949)","deputy director-general and director-general of Health (1963–1971)"],"resumo":"A doctor and a leader of the women’s organisations of the Estado Novo (“New State”), she was a deputy in the National Assembly from 1938 to 1949. She supported the vote for married women, but without “absolute equality” with men, in the name of the “policy of women’s return to the home”.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon in 1906 and graduated in Medicine from the University of Lisbon in 1932. She was a junior doctor at the Lisbon Civil Hospitals, an assistant at the Portuguese Institute of Oncology and director of the Maternal Institute and of the Alfredo da Costa Maternity Hospital. A devout Catholic, she presided over the Catholic University Women’s Youth (Juventude Universitária Católica Feminina).\n\nShe was on the regime’s side and in its women’s organisations. In 1938 she was assistant commissioner of the Women’s Portuguese Youth (Mocidade Portuguesa Feminina), whose national commissioner was Maria Guardiola, and was responsible for physical education, health and hygiene; she was also on the executive committee of the Mothers’ Work for National Education (Obra das Mães pela Educação Nacional). She was a deputy in the National Assembly for three legislatures, from 1938 to 1949, and spoke mainly about welfare, health and education. According to the journal Faces de Eva (Faces of Eve), in many of her speeches she referred “to the most pressing problems of the women of her time”, sometimes presenting herself as their representative.\n\nIn 1946, in the debate that led to Law No. 2015, she supported the vote for married women, but warned that she did not seek for women “absolute equality” with men, which would run counter to “the spirit of the policy of women’s return to the home”. In 1947 she argued that nursing should be entrusted to women: “No one knows as well as a woman how to bend delicately over pain and, at the right moment, to say the word that consoles”. From 1963 to 1971 she was deputy director-general and then director-general of Health. She died in 1983.","lugares":[{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Deputy in the National Assembly (1938–1949)"}],"wikidata":"Q124213242","fontes":[{"titulo":"Maria Luísa de Saldanha da Gama van Zeller (Os Deputados da Assembleia Nacional, 1935-1974)","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://app.parlamento.pt/PublicacoesOnLine/DeputadosAN_1935-1974/html/pdf/v/van-zeller_maria_luisa_de_saldanha_da_gama.pdf"},{"titulo":"Mocidade Portuguesa Feminina: boletim mensal (Lisboa, 1939-1947) — ficha histórica","editora":"Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa","url":"https://hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt/FichasHistoricas/MocidadePortuguesaFeminina.pdf"},{"titulo":"Um olhar sobre a participação feminina na Assembleia Nacional: a deputada Virgínia Faria Gersão (Faces de Eva, n.º 47)","editora":"Susana Fontes e Sónia Coelho / Faces de Eva (SciELO Portugal)","url":"https://scielo.pt/pdf/eva/n47/0874-6885-eva-47-77.pdf"},{"titulo":"O voto das mulheres casadas (1946)","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/o-voto-das-mulheres-casadas.aspx"},{"titulo":"Celibato das enfermeiras no Estado Novo (Comunicar, junho de 2017)","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://app.parlamento.pt/comunicar/Artigo.aspx?ID=1000"},{"titulo":"Maria Luísa van Zeller (Q124213242)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124213242"}],"por_confirmar":["The name under which she appears in the sources: “Maria Van Zeller” in the Assembly of the Republic’s pages on the 1946 and 1947 debates, “Luísa Vanzeller” in the Hemeroteca de Lisboa (Lisbon newspaper library) record on the Women’s Portuguese Youth; her parliamentary biography records her speech in the 1946 debate on electoral registration."]},{"id":"maria-machado","lingua":"pt-PT","nome":"Maria Machado","nome_completo":"Maria Machado Castelhano Pulquério","nascimento":{"data":"1949","local":"Vale de Vargo (Serpa)"},"morte":null,"mulher":true,"papeis":["militante clandestina do PCP","cofundadora da Acção Revolucionária Armada (ARA)"],"resumo":"Filha de uma família comunista de Vale de Vargo, cresceu em casas clandestinas do PCP. Em 1970 fez parte do grupo que criou a Acção Revolucionária Armada, que atacou a máquina da guerra colonial, e só saiu da clandestinidade a 1 de maio de 1974.","texto":"Nasceu em 1949 em Vale de Vargo, no concelho de Serpa, numa família comunista. O pai foi preso na véspera do 1.º de Maio de 1954. Quando os pais passaram à clandestinidade, ficou com os avós, perto de Beja, e só se lhes juntou em 1960, aos onze anos, numa casa clandestina onde funcionava uma tipografia que imprimia o «Avante!» e «O Militante», os jornais do PCP.\n\nEm 1966 foi estudar para a União Soviética, onde já estava a irmã, Úrsula. Em Moscovo conheceu Raimundo Narciso e começaram a namorar. Voltou a Portugal em 1967 e, em 1970, fez parte do grupo que criou a Acção Revolucionária Armada (ARA), a organização armada do PCP contra a guerra colonial e a ditadura, e participou na preparação de várias ações. A primeira foi a sabotagem do cargueiro «Cunene», na doca de Alcântara. Viveu na clandestinidade com Raimundo Narciso, que com Jaime Serra e Francisco Miguel formava o comando central da ARA; tiveram uma filha e um filho.\n\nSaiu da clandestinidade a 1 de maio de 1974 e reencontrou os pais, que não via desde 1968. Nunca foi presa, ao contrário da irmã, do pai e da mãe, a quem as torturas deixaram a saúde muito debilitada.","lugares":[{"lugar":"doca-alcantara","papel":"Faz parte do grupo que cria a ARA, cuja primeira ação foi a sabotagem do «Cunene» nesta doca (1970)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Maria Machado (testemunho e biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/maria-machado/"},{"titulo":"Raimundo Narciso e Ramiro Morgado (testemunhos e biografias)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/raimundo-narciso-e-ramiro-morgado-ara-2017-01-26/"},{"titulo":"Primeira ação da Acção Revolucionária Armada (ARA)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/10/26/primeira-acao-da-accao-revolucionaria-armada-ara/"}],"por_confirmar":["Em que ações da ARA participou: o Museu do Aljube diz só que participou «na preparação de várias ações», sem as nomear."]},{"id":"maria-o-neill","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria O'Neill","nome_completo":"Maria da Conceição Infante de Lacerda Pereira de Eça Custance O'Neill","nascimento":{"data":"1873-11-19","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"1932-03-23","local":"At sea, aboard the steamer “General Osório”, near Cape Verde"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["writer and poet","journalist","leader of the National Council of Portuguese Women","author of the paper “O voto às mulheres” (Votes for women) (1928)"],"resumo":"A Lisbon writer and journalist, she was one of the figures of the National Council of Portuguese Women in the 1920s and took the paper “O voto às mulheres” (Votes for women) to the Second Feminist and Education Congress, in 1928.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon on 19 November 1873. A writer, poet and journalist, she also signed her work as Lina Marville and contributed to magazines such as Brasil-Portugal, Ilustração Portuguesa and Alma Feminina.\n\nIn 1920, at the Associação dos Caixeiros (Shop Assistants’ Association), she presented the paper “A ferocidade do egoísmo” (The ferocity of selfishness) and became one of the figures of the National Council of Portuguese Women, where she chaired the committees for Social Assistance, for Labour and for the Leagues of Kindness. At the First Feminist and Education Congress, in 1924, she presented the papers “Assistência e trabalho” (Assistance and work) and “As ligas de bondade” (The leagues of kindness); at the second, in 1928, “O voto às mulheres” (Votes for women). She appears in the photograph of the Council’s board at the time of that second congress.\n\nShe died in 1932, on the high seas, aboard the German steamer “General Osório”, two days after setting out on the voyage back from Brazil to Portugal, and was buried at sea.","lugares":[{"lugar":"palacio-vagos","papel":"Presented two papers at the First Feminist and Education Congress (May 1924)"},{"lugar":"cnmp-restauradores","papel":"Leader in the CNMP (1920–1932); on the organising committee of the First Feminist and Education Congress, which received the papers and correspondence here (1924)"}],"wikidata":"Q6761467","fontes":[{"titulo":"Maria O'Neill","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_O%27Neill"},{"titulo":"[2502.] Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas || Direcção - 1928","editora":"Silêncios e Memórias (blogue)","url":"https://silenciosememorias.blogspot.com/2021/02/3012-conselho-nacional-das-mulheres.html"},{"titulo":"Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselho_Nacional_das_Mulheres_Portuguesas"},{"titulo":"Primeiro Congresso Feminista e de Educação (brochura de divulgação, com a comissão organizadora, as teses e o regulamento)","editora":"Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas — Arquivo de História Social (ICS-ULisboa), Espólio Pinto Quartin","url":"https://ahsocial.ics.ulisboa.pt/primeiro-congresso-feminista-e-de-educacao-conselho-nacional-das-mulheres-portuguesas-lisboa-s-n-1924"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of death: 23 March 1932 (Wikipedia) or 21 March (Silêncios e Memórias).","The place of death: “near Cape Verde”, according to the body of the Wikipedia article, or “Brazilian coast”, according to the opening of the same article; Silêncios e Memórias says only “in the Atlantic Ocean”.","The address where she lived in Lisbon, which the sources do not give."]},{"id":"maria-teresa-carcomo-lobo","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Teresa Cárcomo Lobo","nome_completo":"Maria Teresa de Almeida Rosa Cárcomo Lobo","nascimento":{"data":"1929-02-18","local":"Malanje (Angola)"},"morte":{"data":"2018-12-08","local":"Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["jurist","Under-Secretary of State for Health and Welfare (1970–1973)","deputy in the National Assembly","federal judge in Rio de Janeiro"],"resumo":"The first woman to join a government in Portugal: Marcelo Caetano appointed her Under-Secretary of State for Health and Welfare in August 1970, and her image circulated as proof of Caetano’s “opening”. She stayed in office until November 1973.","texto":"She was born in Malanje, Angola, on 18 February 1929, and was of Indian descent. A law graduate, she taught in Macau, spent time in Mozambique and headed the Economic and Financial Studies office of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino (National Overseas Bank).\n\nIn August 1970, Marcelo Caetano appointed her Under-Secretary of State for Health and Welfare: she was the first woman to be part of a government in Portugal. The evening paper A Capital reported it on 20 August under the headline “A lady (for the first time) a member of the Government” (Uma senhora (pela primeira vez) membro do Governo). She was sworn in at the Palácio de Belém and stayed in the government until the reshuffle of November 1973. Her image, the ambassador Francisco Seixas da Costa recalled in 2018, “filled the newspapers and television at the time”, as “proof” of Caetano’s “opening”. She was also a deputy in the National Assembly, where she chaired the Health and Welfare Committee.\n\nAfter 25 April she moved to Brazil, where she was a federal judge in Rio de Janeiro until she retired, in 1999. She died in Rio de Janeiro on 8 December 2018, aged 89.","lugares":[],"wikidata":"Q59738810","fontes":[{"titulo":"Morreu a primeira mulher a integrar um Governo em Portugal (14/12/2018)","editora":"Observador","url":"https://observador.pt/2018/12/14/morreu-a-primeira-mulher-a-integrar-um-governo-em-portugal/"},{"titulo":"Maria Teresa Cárcomo Lobo","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa_C%C3%A1rcomo_Lobo"}],"por_confirmar":["The day she was sworn in, in August 1970: the appointment was reported in “A Capital” on 20 August.","In which legislature she was a deputy in the National Assembly (Observador does not say, and Wikipedia confuses it with her appointment to the government)."]},{"id":"maria-teresa-horta","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Teresa Horta","nome_completo":"Maria Teresa de Mascarenhas Horta","nascimento":{"data":"1937-05-20","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"2025-02-04","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["poet","journalist","one of the “Three Marias”","co-author of “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” (New Portuguese Letters)","co-founder of the MLM"],"resumo":"A poet and journalist, one of the “Three Marias”. The PIDE seized her “Minha Senhora de Mim” (My Lady of Myself) and three men beat her up in the street; with Maria Isabel Barreno and Maria Velho da Costa she wrote “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” (New Portuguese Letters), which took them to court — and to acquittal, on 7 May 1974.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon in 1937. She attended the Faculty of Letters, ran the ABC Cine-Clube and worked as a journalist for many publications — A Capital, Diário de Notícias, Diário de Lisboa, O Século, República, Seara Nova, Vértice.\n\nIn 1971 she published Minha Senhora de Mim (My Lady of Myself), in the Cadernos de Poesia (Poetry Notebooks) series of the publisher Dom Quixote: poems in the form of the cantigas de amigo (songs of a friend), defending women’s right to live their sexuality. The PIDE seized the book as an offence “against the traditional morals of the nation”, the Secretary of State for Information threatened to close Snu Abecassis’s publishing house if it published her again, and the author was beaten up in the street by three men and taken to Santa Maria Hospital.\n\nThe next day was the weekly lunch with Maria Velho da Costa and Maria Isabel Barreno. It was there that Velho da Costa asked: “If one woman on her own causes all this fuss, this uproar, this scandal, what would happen if there were three of us?” The Novas Cartas Portuguesas (New Portuguese Letters) came out in 1972, taking as their starting point the letters attributed to Mariana Alcoforado. The first edition was destroyed by the censors three days later, and the authors were charged over a work of “irremediably pornographic content, offensive to public morals”. Questioned separately, they never said who had written what. Simone de Beauvoir, Marguerite Duras, Doris Lessing and Iris Murdoch were among the voices of the international solidarity campaign.\n\nThe trial began on 25 October 1973 at the Boa-Hora Court. On 7 May 1974, with freedom already won, the three were acquitted. According to the Diário de Lisboa, they left with red carnations on their chests, and Teresa Horta announced a women’s liberation movement there and then.\n\nIn 1975, with Célia Metrass and Helena de Sá Medeiros, she published Aborto, direito ao nosso corpo (Abortion, the right to our body), the first book about abortion in Portugal. She was a PCP activist from 1975 to 1989 and managing editor of the magazine Mulheres (Women); in 2022 she was made a Grand Officer of the Order of Liberty. She died in Lisbon on 4 February 2025, the last of the Three Marias.","lugares":[{"lugar":"jornal-republica","papel":"Contributed as a journalist to “República” (among other publications)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Tried and acquitted in the “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” case (from 25 October 1973 to 7 May 1974)"},{"lugar":"parque-eduardo-vii","papel":"Founder of the MLM, which organised the 1975 demonstration (13 January 1975)"},{"lugar":"sede-censura","papel":"Her book “Minha Senhora de Mim” seized by the PIDE; silence imposed by the censors on the press about the Three Marias case (1971)"}],"wikidata":"Q2624628","fontes":[{"titulo":"Novas Cartas Portuguesas","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/novas-cartas-portuguesas/"},{"titulo":"“As três Marias foram absolvidas”","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/05/07/as-tres-marias-foram-absolvidas/"},{"titulo":"Maria Teresa Horta (Q2624628)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2624628"},{"titulo":"Morreu a escritora e poetisa Maria Teresa Horta, aos 87 anos (4/2/2025)","editora":"Observador","url":"https://observador.pt/2025/02/04/morreu-a-escritora-e-poetisa-maria-teresa-horta-aos-87-anos/"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"«As Três Marias foram absolvidas» / «Absolvição para as Novas Cartas Portuguesas» (Diário de Lisboa, 8 de maio de 1974)","editora":"Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa – Livros que foram notícia","url":"https://hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt/LivrosQueForamNoticia/NovasCartasPortuguesas/DiariodeLisboa_04Mai1974_0001_0017.pdf"},{"titulo":"Movimento de Libertação das Mulheres","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_de_Liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Mulheres"},{"titulo":"A manifestação feminista que não chegou a acontecer, 45 anos depois (Rafaela Cortez, 26/4/2020)","editora":"Comunidade Cultura e Arte","url":"https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/a-manifestacao-feminista-que-nao-chegou-a-acontecer-45-anos-depois/"},{"titulo":"Itinerário «Novas Cartas Portuguesas»","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/evento/novas-cartas-portuguesas-itinerario-2/"},{"titulo":"Novas Cartas Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (ponto de partida)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novas_Cartas_Portuguesas"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Processo “Novas Cartas Portuguesas”","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/10/25/processo-novas-cartas-portuguesas/"},{"titulo":"Maria Teresa Horta","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Horta"}],"por_confirmar":["The date of the street attack: the Aljube Museum places it before May 1971; Observador speaks of violence “in the streets”, with no date or place.","The defence lawyer: Duarte Vidal, according to Wikipedia; the Diário de Lisboa of May 1974 calls “Dr Ataíde Ferreira” “Maria Teresa Horta’s lawyer” and gives Duarte Vidal as Maria Isabel Barreno’s lawyer."]},{"id":"maria-veleda","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Veleda","nome_completo":"Maria Carolina Frederico Crispim","nascimento":{"data":"1871","local":"Faro"},"morte":{"data":"1955-04-08","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["teacher","writer and journalist","president of the Republican League of Portuguese Women (from 1911)","advocate of unrestricted votes for women","founder of the Obra Maternal (Maternal Work)"],"resumo":"A teacher and journalist from Faro, and a single mother, she gave evening classes to illiterate women and led the Republican League of Portuguese Women, advocating unrestricted votes for women.","texto":"Maria Veleda is the pen name of Maria Carolina Frederico Crispim, born in Faro in 1871. She contributed to dozens of newspapers and magazines and lived in hardship, as a teacher and single mother. In Lisbon she was the teacher in charge at the Dr Afonso Costa Republican School Centre, on Calçada de Arroios, where she set up free evening classes to teach women to read and write.\n\nIn 1907 she was in the Portuguese Group for Feminist Studies, and she joined Freemasonry under the symbolic name “Angústia” (Anguish). She was a founding member of the Republican League of Portuguese Women and, from August 1910, edited its organ, A Mulher e a Criança (Woman and Child), which was followed by A Madrugada (The Dawn). Unlike Ana de Castro Osório and Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, who wanted the vote for women who were educated and who worked, she argued that the right to vote should only be accepted if it came without restrictions. In 1911, when Ana de Castro Osório left the League, she became its president.\n\nWith Ana de Castro Osório, Adelaide Cabete and Carolina Beatriz Ângelo she founded the Obra Maternal (Maternal Work), to take in abandoned children; she ran it and taught there. She joined the Democratic Party and founded the Women’s Association for Democratic Propaganda, which was dissolved in July 1916, when the Sacred Union was formed. She published the pamphlet Emancipação Feminina (Women’s Emancipation) and the lectures collected in A Conquista (The Conquest); her memoirs came out in 1950 in the newspaper República. She died in Lisbon on 8 April 1955.","lugares":[{"lugar":"centro-escolar-afonso-costa","papel":"Evening classes for illiterate women (1907)"},{"lugar":"liga-republicana-mulheres","papel":"Led the League and edited its newspapers (1910–1919)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"The League she chaired petitioned the Senate for the vote (9 July 1912)"},{"lugar":"ruas-feministas-carnide","papel":"Rua Maria Veleda, in Carnide, is named after her (1976 edict) (19 June 1976)"},{"lugar":"jornal-republica","papel":"Her memoirs came out in the newspaper “República” (1950)"}],"wikidata":"Q10326110","fontes":[{"titulo":"Maria Veleda na urbanização das mulheres","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2013/05/06/maria-veleda-na-urbanizacao-das-mulheres/"},{"titulo":"Maria Veleda","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Veleda"},{"titulo":"A Mulher e a Criança. Órgão da Liga Republicana das Mulheres (ficha descritiva)","editora":"Almanaque Republicano (blogue)","url":"http://arepublicano.blogspot.com/2013/05/a-mulher-e-crianca-orgao-da-liga.html"},{"titulo":"O sufrágio feminino no Parlamento na 1.ª República (ComunicAR n.º 71, março de 2021)","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://app.parlamento.pt/comunicar/v1/202103/71/artigos/art5.html"},{"titulo":"A feminista e republicana Ana de Castro Osório","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2012/11/06/a-feminista-e-republicana-ana-de-castro-osorio/"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of birth: 26 November 1871 (Toponímia de Lisboa) or 26 February 1871 (Wikipedia, which gives Rua da Parreira, in Faro).","Whether she was a founding member of the Republican League of Portuguese Women (Toponímia de Lisboa) or joined in 1909 without being on the organising committee, because António José de Almeida thought her too revolutionary (Wikipedia).","Whether she chaired the Portuguese Group for Feminist Studies in 1907, as Toponímia de Lisboa says: Wikipedia calls her one of its founders, and other sources give the presidency to Ana de Castro Osório.","Until when she chaired the League: according to Wikipedia, she broke with it in 1915, when the League declared itself non-partisan.","The year of the pamphlet “Emancipação Feminina”: 1906 (Toponímia de Lisboa) or 1902 (Wikipedia)."]},{"id":"maria-velho-da-costa","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Maria Velho da Costa","nome_completo":"Maria de Fátima de Bivar Velho da Costa","nascimento":{"data":"1938-06-26","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"2020-05-23","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["writer","teacher","co-author of “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” (New Portuguese Letters)","Camões Prize 2002"],"resumo":"The novelist of “Maina Mendes” and “Casas Pardas”, she was the one who put to the other two Marias the question that gave rise to “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” (New Portuguese Letters). She received the Camões Prize in 2002.","texto":"She was born in Lisbon on 26 June 1938, graduated in Germanic Philology from the Faculty of Letters and was a secondary school teacher. In 1969 she published Maina Mendes, a novel whose protagonist loses her speech and invents a new one.\n\nIn May 1971, the day after Maria Teresa Horta had been beaten up in the street because of a book, the three friends had their weekly lunch. Maria Velho da Costa threw down the challenge: “If one woman on her own causes all this fuss, this uproar, this scandal, what would happen if there were three of us?” From this came the Novas Cartas Portuguesas (New Portuguese Letters, 1972), written with Horta and Maria Isabel Barreno, seized by the censors and taken to court.\n\nOn the first day of the trial, 25 October 1973, at the Boa-Hora Court, she replaced her lawyer, António Alçada Baptista, with Francisco de Sousa Tavares. The three were acquitted on 7 May 1974.\n\nAfter the revolution she was the first woman to chair the Portuguese Writers’ Association, an aide to the Secretary of State for Culture in Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo’s government, a lecturer at King’s College London (1980–1987) and cultural attaché in Cape Verde. She received the Camões Prize in 2002. She died at home, in Lisbon, on 23 May 2020.","lugares":[{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Tried and acquitted in the “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” case (from 25 October 1973 to 7 May 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q736900","fontes":[{"titulo":"Morreu a escritora Maria Velho da Costa, uma das autoras das Novas Cartas Portuguesas (23/5/2020)","editora":"Observador","url":"https://observador.pt/2020/05/23/morreu-a-escritora-maria-velho-da-costa-uma-das-autora-das-novas-cartas-portuguesas/"},{"titulo":"Maria Velho da Costa (1938-2020)","editora":"Imprensa Nacional","url":"https://imprensanacional.pt/maria-velho-da-costa-1938-2020/"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"«Novas Cartas Portuguesas» – Julgamento secreto (Diário de Lisboa, 25/10/1973)","editora":"Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa – Livros que foram notícia","url":"https://hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt/LivrosQueForamNoticia/NovasCartasPortuguesas/DiariodeLisboa_25Out1973_0001.pdf"},{"titulo":"Novas Cartas Portuguesas","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/novas-cartas-portuguesas/"},{"titulo":"Processo “Novas Cartas Portuguesas”","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/10/25/processo-novas-cartas-portuguesas/"},{"titulo":"Maria Velho da Costa","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Velho_da_Costa"},{"titulo":"Novas Cartas Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (ponto de partida)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novas_Cartas_Portuguesas"},{"titulo":"Itinerário «Novas Cartas Portuguesas»","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/evento/novas-cartas-portuguesas-itinerario-2/"},{"titulo":"“As três Marias foram absolvidas”","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/05/07/as-tres-marias-foram-absolvidas/"},{"titulo":"«As Três Marias foram absolvidas» / «Absolvição para as Novas Cartas Portuguesas» (Diário de Lisboa, 8 de maio de 1974)","editora":"Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa – Livros que foram notícia","url":"https://hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt/LivrosQueForamNoticia/NovasCartasPortuguesas/DiariodeLisboa_04Mai1974_0001_0017.pdf"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"}],"por_confirmar":["The date of death: 23 May 2020 (Observador, in a news report from that same day); the summary read on the Imprensa Nacional page gave 25 May.","Wikipedia says that her father, an infantry officer, joined the censors of the Lisbon censorship committee in 1958; no other source was found."]},{"id":"mario-soares","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Mário Soares","nome_completo":"Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares","nascimento":{"data":"1924-12-07","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"2017-01-07","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["general secretary of the Socialist Party","Prime Minister of the First Constitutional Government (1976)"],"resumo":"General secretary of the PS, he returned from exile on 28 April 1974 and was greeted by a crowd at Santa Apolónia. In 1975 he took on the PCP in the República affair and at the Fonte Luminosa rally; in 1976 he headed the First Constitutional Government.","texto":"He was born in Lisbon in 1924. In 1974 he was living in exile in France and was general secretary of the Socialist Party (PS), founded the year before. On 25 April he was in Bonn, at the invitation of Willy Brandt, and he left for Paris when the SPD told him that a military movement had broken out in Portugal.\n\nOn 28 April he arrived by train at Santa Apolónia Station, with Maria Barroso, also a founder of the PS. A crowd was waiting for him; Soares spoke from a balcony of the station, loudhailer in hand, and went on to the Palácio da Cova da Moura for a meeting with General Spínola. Two days later he waited for Álvaro Cunhal a few metres from the plane, at the airport. On May Day (1 May), the two marched from Alameda D. Afonso Henriques to the FNAT stadium, renamed Estádio 1.º de Maio (May Day Stadium), and at the rally Soares embraced Cunhal.\n\nIn May 1975, in the affair of the newspaper República, the PS called a demonstration for the 22nd, accusing the PCP of being behind the crisis. Soares then said through the megaphone: “25 April was made to put an end to a dictatorship, not to come and impose another one on us”. On 19 July, at the Fonte Luminosa rally, he directly attacked the PCP, the Prime Minister, Vasco Gonçalves, and the Intersindical.\n\nThe PS won the elections to the Constituent Assembly, on 25 April 1975, and the first parliamentary elections, on 25 April 1976. In July 1976, Soares was sworn in as Prime Minister of the First Constitutional Government. He died in Lisbon in 2017.","lugares":[{"lugar":"santa-apolonia","papel":"Arrival from exile (28 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"cova-da-moura","papel":"Meeting with Spínola (28 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"aeroporto","papel":"Waited for Álvaro Cunhal beside the plane (30 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"estadio-1-maio","papel":"Spoke at the May Day rally (1 May 1974)"},{"lugar":"jornal-republica","papel":"PS demonstration in the República affair (22 May 1975)"},{"lugar":"alameda-fonte-luminosa","papel":"The Fonte Luminosa rally (19 July 1975)"},{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Imprisoned with the MUD’s central committee (1948) and again in 1949; married Maria Barroso there, by proxy (22 February 1949)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Arrested on his way to the court, where the central committee of the MUD Juvenil was to be tried (15 February 1949)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Deputy in the Constituent Assembly (1975); sworn in as President of the Republic (9 March 1986)"}],"wikidata":"Q156781","fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Cronologia do 25 de Abril, por Jofre Alves (blogue Abril de Novo, 2010), na Biblioteca Digital do CD25A","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/Artigos/APP_CX22_48_CRONOLOGIA%20DO%2025%20DE%20ABRIL_Jofre%20Alves.pdf"},{"titulo":"O regresso dos exilados","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/bdh-o-pos-25-de-abril-de-1974/p25a-o-regresso-dos-exilados/"},{"titulo":"O caso República","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/imprensa-e-revolucao/o-caso-republica/"},{"titulo":"Escalada de tensão e crise político-militar (julho–agosto de 1975)","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/verao-quente-de-1975/escalada-tensao-crise-politico-militar-julho-agosto/"},{"titulo":"A construção da democracia (1974-1976)","editora":"Assembleia da República – Comunicar","url":"https://app.parlamento.pt/comunicar/v1/202104/72/artigos/art2.html"},{"titulo":"Mário Soares (Q156781)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156781"}],"por_confirmar":["The days of birth (7 December 1924) and death (7 January 2017) come only from Wikidata."]},{"id":"militao-ribeiro","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Militão Ribeiro","nome_completo":"Militão Bessa Ribeiro","nascimento":{"data":"1896-08-13","local":"Murça"},"morte":{"data":"1950-01-02","local":"Lisbon (Lisbon Penitentiary)"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["textile worker","PCP leader","political prisoner, deported to Tarrafal"],"resumo":"A communist leader, he was in the group of prisoners who inaugurated the Tarrafal camp in 1936. Arrested again in 1949, with Álvaro Cunhal and Sofia Ferreira, he died in isolation in Lisbon Penitentiary, on hunger strike, on 2 January 1950.","texto":"He was born in Murça on 13 August 1896. At 13 he emigrated to Brazil, where he was a textile worker and a trade union leader. In the early 1930s he was repatriated to Portugal and joined the PCP.\n\nArrested in July 1934, he was sentenced by the Special Military Court and passed through the prisons of Peniche and Angra do Heroísmo. In October 1936 he was one of the group of prisoners who inaugurated the Tarrafal concentration camp, in Cape Verde. Freed by an amnesty in 1940, he was imprisoned again in November 1942, in the Aljube, and in 1944 he was sent back to Tarrafal.\n\nOn 25 March 1949, the PIDE arrested him in a clandestine house in Luso, with Álvaro Cunhal and Sofia Ferreira. On 10 May, ill, he was transferred to Lisbon Penitentiary, where he spent nine months in strict isolation, without medical care worthy of the name. In letters written two months before he died, he accused the PIDE of “poisoning”. He went on hunger strike in protest and died in prison on 2 January 1950.","lugares":[{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Imprisoned in the Lisbon Aljube (November 1942)"},{"lugar":"penitenciaria-lisboa","papel":"Isolation, hunger strike and death (2 January 1950)"},{"lugar":"tarrafal","papel":"Deported with the first group of prisoners (1936) and again in 1944 (October 1936)"}],"wikidata":"Q6857915","fontes":[{"titulo":"Militão Bessa Ribeiro (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/militao-bessa-ribeiro-2/"},{"titulo":"Prisão de Álvaro Cunhal, Militão Ribeiro e Sofia Ferreira","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/03/25/prisao-de-alvaro-cunhal-militao-ribeiro-e-sofia-ferreira/"},{"titulo":"Os que ficaram pelo caminho (lista, páginas 1 a 7)","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/os-que-ficaram-pelo-caminho"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"}],"por_confirmar":["The day of death: 2 January 1950, according to the Aljube Museum and Memória Comum, which says he fell into a coma that morning; 3 January, according to Wikidata.","His age at death: the Aljube Museum says 54, but the dates it gives (13 August 1896 and 2 January 1950) make 53."]},{"id":"natalia-correia","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Natália Correia","nome_completo":"Natália de Oliveira Correia","nascimento":{"data":"1923-09-13","local":"Fajã de Baixo, São Miguel (Azores)"},"morte":{"data":"1993-03-16","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["poet","playwright","literary director of Estúdios Cor","founder of the Botequim","deputy"],"resumo":"A poet and publisher, she was the Portuguese writer with the most works censored. Tried at the Plenary Court over the “Antologia de Poesia Portuguesa Erótica e Satírica” (Anthology of Portuguese Erotic and Satirical Poetry), she published “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” (New Portuguese Letters) and opened the Botequim in Graça, where she celebrated 25 April. She later became a deputy.","texto":"She was born in Fajã de Baixo, on the island of São Miguel, on 13 September 1923, the daughter of a schoolteacher; her father had emigrated to Brazil, and in 1934 her mother moved to Lisbon with her daughters. In 1945 she joined the MUD, and she later supported the presidential candidacies of Norton de Matos, in 1949, and of Humberto Delgado, in 1958; the PIDE regarded her as an “element hostile to the Institutions”. At a rally in Norton de Matos’s campaign, in February 1949, she took apart the triad of the Estado Novo (“New State”), “God, Fatherland and Family” (Deus, Pátria e Família). In 1953 she rented the 5th floor of no. 52, Rua Rodrigues Sampaio, where she lived for the rest of her life, and where, in the 1950s and 1960s, she hosted a salon of names from culture and literature. She was also part of the group of writers and artists at the Café Gelo, in the Rossio.\n\nShe was the Portuguese writer with the most works censored: the poetry collections Comunicação (Communication) and O Vinho e a Lira (Wine and the Lyre), and the plays O Homúnculo (The Homunculus), A Pécora (The Harlot) and O Encoberto (The Hidden One). In 1957 she wrote the “Queixa das Jovens Almas Censuradas” (Lament of the Censored Young Souls), which is now on the walls of the Aljube Museum, and, with Urbano Tavares Rodrigues, collected signatures for a manifesto of intellectuals against censorship. The Antologia de Poesia Portuguesa Erótica e Satírica (Anthology of Portuguese Erotic and Satirical Poetry), which she edited, was banned by the censors for its “pornographic character” and took her to trial, behind closed doors, with the publisher Fernando Ribeiro de Melo and some of the poets in the anthology. The case was heard at the Lisbon Criminal Plenary Court, at the Boa-Hora, from 3 June 1969 to 21 March 1970, and ended with Natália and the publisher sentenced to 90 days in prison.\n\nIn 1971, with Isabel Meireles, Júlia Marenha and Helena Roseta, she founded the Botequim, on Largo da Graça, where the salon then moved. That same year she was literary director of Estúdios Cor, which in April 1972 published the Novas Cartas Portuguesas (New Portuguese Letters), by Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa. The book was seized after three days. Natália was named a defendant as the person editorially responsible, but the publishing house’s managing director, Romeu de Melo, took full responsibility, because she was still serving the suspended sentence for the Antologia. At the authors’ trial she was a witness in their favour. On the night of 24 to 25 April 1974 she was at the Botequim, celebrating the fall of the dictatorship.\n\nIn April 1976 she edited O Século — Hoje (O Século — Today), a political supplement of O Século which the Council of the Revolution shut down at its ninth issue, on a proposal from President Costa Gomes, over articles it considered “offensive and slanderous” towards the Council and the Armed Forces. She was a deputy in the Assembly of the Republic, elected for Lisbon on the PSD lists (1979–1983) and, as an independent, on those of the PRD (1987–1991). In the first debate on abortion, in March 1982, the CDS deputy João Morgado said that the Church forbade abortion because the sexual act was “so that one may see the birth of a child”. Natália answered him with a satirical poem, handwritten on Assembly letterhead, which she passed around the benches; she did not read it in the chamber, where she was not even present that day. In the November vote she was the only PSD deputy to vote in favour of the PCP’s bill, which was rejected. On television, the series Mátria (Motherland, 1986) was devoted to women in Portuguese culture and history.\n\nIn 1991 President Mário Soares made her a Grand Officer of the Order of Liberty. She died of a heart attack in the early hours of 16 March 1993, at home, after returning from the Botequim, and is buried in the Prazeres Cemetery. Four months later, Lisbon City Council named a street in Graça after her, near the Botequim, at the suggestion of women’s organisations.","lugares":[{"lugar":"casa-natalia-correia","papel":"Lived on the 5th floor of no. 52 (1953–1993)"},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Tried at the Lisbon Criminal Plenary Court over the “Antologia” (3 June 1969)"},{"lugar":"botequim","papel":"Founded and ran the Botequim (1971)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Deputy; poem to João Morgado in the abortion debate (1982)"},{"lugar":"cafe-gelo","papel":"Member of the group of writers and artists who met at the Café Gelo (1957–1962)."},{"lugar":"o-seculo","papel":"Edited the supplement “O Século — Hoje”, shut down by the Council of the Revolution (April 1976)"},{"lugar":"teatro-nacional-d-maria-ii","papel":"Wrote the play the theatre commissioned from her for the Camões centenary, which was never staged there (1979–1980)"}],"wikidata":"Q270268","fontes":[{"titulo":"Natália Correia","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/natalia-correia.aspx"},{"titulo":"O Essencial sobre Natália Correia (Luiz Fagundes Duarte)","editora":"Imprensa Nacional, 2024","url":"https://imprensanacional.pt/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/O-Essencial-sobre-Natalia-Correia_IN.pdf"},{"titulo":"Natália Correia (13/9/2020)","editora":"Museu do Aljube – Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/en/2020/09/13/natalia-correia-2/"},{"titulo":"Natália Correia: todas as personalidades num botequim (19/4/2017)","editora":"FCSH+Lisboa – NOVA FCSH","url":"https://maislisboa.fcsh.unl.pt/natalia-correia-todas-as-personalidades-num-botequim/"},{"titulo":"Natália Correia, retrato de uma poetisa desassombrada","editora":"RTP Ensina","url":"https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/natalia-correia/"},{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Natália Correia fez mesmo uma intervenção no Parlamento contra o deputado João Morgado do CDS-PP baseada neste poema?","editora":"Polígrafo (SAPO)","url":"https://poligrafo.sapo.pt/fact-check/natalia-correia-fez-mesmo-uma-intervencao-no-parlamento-contra-o-deputado-joao-morgado-do-cds-baseada-neste-poema/"},{"titulo":"Natália Correia","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/09/13/natalia-correia/"},{"titulo":"Processo “Novas Cartas Portuguesas”","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2020/10/25/processo-novas-cartas-portuguesas/"},{"titulo":"A rua de Natália no seu 90º aniversário","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (blogue da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2013/09/13/a-rua-de-natalia-no-seu-90o-aniversario/"},{"titulo":"Natália Correia","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%A1lia_Correia"},{"titulo":"Café Gelo","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Gelo"},{"titulo":"Novas Cartas Portuguesas","editora":"Wikipédia (ponto de partida)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novas_Cartas_Portuguesas"}],"por_confirmar":["The sentence over the “Antologia”: 90 days in prison commuted to a fine (Imprensa Nacional), 90 days suspended (Assembly of the Republic) or a three-year suspended sentence (Toponímia de Lisboa, FCSH).","The year of the conviction: 1970, at the end of the trial (Imprensa Nacional, Toponímia de Lisboa), or 1966 (Aljube Museum, RTP Ensina), which is the year of the book according to the Imprensa Nacional; the Assembly of the Republic dates the edition to November 1965.","Whether she was actually imprisoned in 1966, as Wikipedia says; no other source mentions it.","The day of the first debate on abortion: 2 March 1982 (Assembly of the Republic) or 3 March (Polígrafo, which read the minutes). The FCSH places the reply to João Morgado in the debate of 12 November 1982.","Where Estúdios Cor, the publishing house of which she was literary director, was located."]},{"id":"noemia-de-sousa","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Noémia de Sousa","nome_completo":"Carolina Noémia Abranches de Sousa Soares","nascimento":{"data":"1926-09-20","local":"KaTembe (Maputo, formerly Lourenço Marques), Mozambique"},"morte":{"data":"2002-12-04","local":"Cascais"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["poet","translator and journalist","anti-colonialist","exile in Paris"],"resumo":"A Mozambican poet, she lived in Lisbon from 1951 to 1964, published in the House of the Students of the Empire’s “Mensagem” and attended the Centre for African Studies, until her opposition to the Estado Novo (“New State”) forced her into exile in Paris.","texto":"She was born in Catembe, Mozambique, on 20 September 1926. The poetry she wrote between 1949 and 1951 was only collected in a book in 2001, in Sangue Negro (Black Blood); until then, her work was scattered across newspapers and magazines, such as O Brado Africano and the Mensagem of the House of the Students of the Empire.\n\nFrom 1951 to 1964 she lived in Lisbon, where she worked as a translator. She attended the Centre for African Studies, which met at the home of Alda do Espírito Santo. In the memoirs of António Tomás Medeiros, she is one of the Centre’s “elders”, who moved away from Portugal for fear that the PIDE would associate the Centre with the events in Africa.\n\nHer opposition to the Estado Novo forced her into exile in Paris, where she began signing her work as Vera Micaia. She returned to Lisbon in 1975 and died in Cascais on 4 December 2002.","lugares":[{"lugar":"centro-estudos-africanos","papel":"Part of the circle of “elders” of the Centre for African Studies (Medeiros’s account) (1951)"},{"lugar":"casa-estudantes-imperio","papel":"Contributes to the CEI’s magazine “Mensagem”."}],"wikidata":"Q431989","fontes":[{"titulo":"Noémia de Sousa","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%A9mia_de_Sousa"},{"titulo":"Entrevista a António Tomás Medeiros (Colecção E-Books)","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://www.cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/EntrevistaaAntonio%20TomasMedeiros_Nreg%20EB00003.pdf"},{"titulo":"Alda do Espírito Santo","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alda_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo"}],"por_confirmar":["The full name: Carolina Noémia Abranches de Sousa Soares, according to Wikipedia.","The biography rests mainly on Wikipedia: an institutional source is still needed to confirm the Lisbon years (1951–1964) and the exile in Paris."]},{"id":"norton-de-matos","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Norton de Matos","nome_completo":"José Maria Mendes Ribeiro Norton de Matos","nascimento":{"data":"1867-03-23","local":"Ponte de Lima"},"morte":{"data":"1955-01-02","local":"Ponte de Lima"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["general","governor-general of Angola and Minister for the Colonies in the First Republic","grand master of the Grande Oriente Lusitano Unido (1930–1935)","opposition candidate in the 1949 presidential election"],"resumo":"A general of the First Republic, in 1949 he was the united opposition’s candidate for President of the Republic: he held rallies at A Voz do Operário and withdrew on the eve of the election. Like many in the opposition, he advocated a colonialist policy, which he set out in 1953 in “África Nossa” (Our Africa).","texto":"He was born in Ponte de Lima on 23 March 1867. A general and politician of the First Republic, he was governor-general of Angola and Minister for the Colonies, and from 1930 to 1935 grand master of the Grande Oriente Lusitano Unido (United Lusitanian Grand Orient).\n\nIn July 1948 he came forward as a candidate in the presidential election of 13 February 1949, against Marshal Óscar Carmona. The programme called for the abolition of the political police and of censorship, an amnesty for political prisoners and freedom for political parties. But if the line was progressive at home, on the colonial front the position was “quite different”. The platform brought together republicans, Freemasons, socialists, communists and Catholics, among others. The campaign began in January 1949, with the candidate’s house under surveillance and supporters being arrested.\n\nIn Lisbon, the campaign held rallies at A Voz do Operário. A photograph of 28 January 1949 shows him there with Isabel Aboim Inglez; others, from February, show Maria Lamas and Cesina Bermudes.\n\nThe regime refused his minimum demands, such as freedom of propaganda and the scrutiny of the vote count, and Norton de Matos withdrew on the eve of the election. Like many republicans and opponents of the Estado Novo (“New State”), he advocated a colonialist policy. In 1953, in the book África Nossa (Our Africa), he wrote that Portugal had to “populate those lands, intensely and rapidly, with white Portuguese families” and to go on “assimilating the coloured inhabitants we find there”. He died in Ponte de Lima on 2 January 1955.","lugares":[{"lugar":"voz-do-operario","papel":"Rallies of the presidential campaign (28 January 1949)"}],"wikidata":"Q177745","fontes":[{"titulo":"Eleições de 1949","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2025/02/13/eleicoes-de-1949/"},{"titulo":"José Norton de Matos","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Norton_de_Matos"},{"titulo":"Eleições presidenciais portuguesas de 1949","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es_presidenciais_portuguesas_de_1949"},{"titulo":"Candidatura de Norton de Matos [...] comício de Lisboa (Voz do Operário) – fotografia (cota 04654.000.038)","editora":"Casa Comum – Fundação Mário Soares e Maria Barroso","url":"https://casacomum.org/visualizador?cota=04654.000.038"}],"por_confirmar":["The day he withdrew: 12 February 1949, according to Wikipedia, or “three days before the election”, that is, 10 February, according to the Aljube Museum."]},{"id":"nuno-teotonio-pereira","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Nuno Teotónio Pereira","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1922-01-30","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":{"data":"2016-01-20","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["architect","progressive Catholic","organiser of the Capela do Rato vigil","political prisoner"],"resumo":"An architect and a figure among the progressive Catholics, he took part in the peace vigil at São Domingos (1968–1969) and was one of the organisers of the Capela do Rato vigil (1972). Arrested by the DGS in 1970, after the Rato vigil and at the end of 1973, he only left Caxias with 25 April.","texto":"He was born in Lisbon in 1922 and qualified in Architecture at the Lisbon School of Fine Arts. His works include the Bloco das Águas Livres and the Franjinhas Building, on Rua Braamcamp. From the early 1960s until 25 April he was one of the leading figures among the so-called progressive Catholics. He took part in founding the Pragma cooperative, in 1964, and was involved in the GEDOC booklets (1969), the National Commission for Aid to Political Prisoners (1970) and the Boletim Anti-Colonial (Anti-Colonial Bulletin, 1972).\n\nOver the turn of 1968 into 1969 he took part in the peace vigil at the Church of São Domingos, and as a result had to give a statement to the PIDE. He was detained by the DGS in May 1970. In December 1972 he was one of the organisers of the vigil at the Capela do Rato, prepared by Catholics linked to the Boletim Anti-Colonial — he himself, Maria da Conceição Moita, Isabel Pimentel and Luís Moita — and by a group of students. When the police broke it up, he was one of the fourteen participants singled out as leaders, who were taken to the cells of the Civil Government and then to Caxias; the Architects’ Union protested against his imprisonment.\n\nHe was arrested again at the end of 1973 and stayed in Caxias until 25 April. He was one of the speakers at the 1974 May Day rally in Lisbon. He died in Lisbon in 2016.","lugares":[{"lugar":"igreja-de-sao-domingos","papel":"Takes part in the vigil for peace (31 December 1968)"},{"lugar":"capela-do-rato","papel":"Organiser of the vigil; arrested (31 December 1972)"},{"lugar":"governo-civil","papel":"One of the fourteen detainees from the Capela do Rato vigil taken to the cells (night of 31 December 1972)"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned in Caxias until 25 April (1973)"}],"wikidata":"Q1650902","fontes":[{"titulo":"Nuno Teotónio Pereira","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_Teot%C3%B3nio_Pereira"},{"titulo":"A Vigília de São Domingos","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/vigilia-capela-rato/vigilia-de-sao-domingos/"},{"titulo":"Vigília da Capela do Rato","editora":"Wikipédia","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vig%C3%ADlia_da_Capela_do_Rato"},{"titulo":"«A paz é possível»: algumas notas sobre o caso da Capela do Rato (António de Araújo)","editora":"Lusitania Sacra, 2.ª série, 16 (2004), pp. 431-463 – Universidade Católica Portuguesa","url":"https://revistas.ucp.pt/index.php/lusitaniasacra/article/download/7084/6861"}],"por_confirmar":[]},{"id":"olga-morais-sarmento","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Olga Morais Sarmento","nome_completo":"Maria Olga de Moraes Sarmento da Silveira","nascimento":{"data":"1881-05-26","local":"Setúbal"},"morte":{"data":"1948-12"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["writer and lecturer","editor of the magazine “Sociedade Futura” (Future Society)","founder and president of the Feminist Section of the Portuguese Peace League (1906)"],"resumo":"A writer and lecturer, she edited the magazine “Sociedade Futura” (Future Society) after Ana de Castro Osório. In 1906 she founded and chaired the Feminist Section of the Portuguese Peace League and spoke on the “Feminist Problem” at the Lisbon Geographical Society.","texto":"She was born in Setúbal on 26 May 1881. She spent part of her childhood in Elvas, where she became friends with Virgínia Quaresma, and was widowed young by the death of her husband, a navy doctor.\n\nShe edited the magazine Sociedade Futura (Future Society), created in 1902, succeeding Ana de Castro Osório. In 1906 she joined the Portuguese Peace League, where she founded the Feminist Section, which she chaired. On 18 May that year she gave a lecture at the Lisbon Geographical Society on the “Feminist Problem”.\n\nShe lived for some thirty years in Paris, alongside Baroness Hélène de Zuylen, her companion for three decades. In 1939, at the start of the Second World War, she returned with her to Lisbon, so that Hélène, who was Jewish, could escape Nazi persecution. She died in December 1948. Since 1988, a street in Bairro de Caselas has borne her name.","lugares":[{"lugar":"ruas-pioneiras-caselas","papel":"Rua Olga Morais Sarmento is named after her (1988 edict) (20 April 1988)"}],"wikidata":"Q10326039","fontes":[{"titulo":"Olga de Moraes Sarmento","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_de_Moraes_Sarmento"},{"titulo":"Numa Rua de Caselas, Alice Pestana da causa da educação das mulheres","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2017/01/27/alice-pestana-da-causa-da-educacao-das-mulheres-numa-rua-de-caselas/"},{"titulo":"A primeira jornalista de reportagem portuguesa numa rua de Caselas","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/a-primeira-jornalista-portuguesa-numa-rua-de-caselas/"}],"por_confirmar":["The founding of the Feminist Section of the Portuguese Peace League and the lecture of 18 May 1906 at the Lisbon Geographical Society are documented only in Wikipedia.","The date and place of death: December 1948, with no place, in the Wikipedia text; 17 October 1948, in Lisbon, in Wikidata. Hélène de Zuylen died in Lisbon on 17 October 1947."]},{"id":"otelo-saraiva-de-carvalho","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho","nome_completo":"Otelo Nuno Romão Saraiva de Carvalho","nascimento":{"data":"1936-08-31","local":"Lourenço Marques (now Maputo), Mozambique"},"morte":{"data":"2021-07-25","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["Artillery major","author of the 25 April operations plan","commander of COPCON and of the Lisbon Military Region","member of the Council of the Revolution","presidential candidate (1976 and 1980)"],"resumo":"An Artillery major, he drew up the operations plan for 25 April and directed the operations from the clandestine Command Post at Pontinha; he later commanded COPCON and the Lisbon Military Region.","texto":"He was born in 1936 in Lourenço Marques, now Maputo. An Artillery officer, he fought in Angola and Guinea and was one of the main drivers of the protest against Decree-Law no. 353/73, which gave rise to the Captains’ Movement. In December 1973 he was elected, with Vasco Lourenço and Vítor Alves, to the leadership of the movement’s Coordinating Committee. At the Committee’s last meeting, on 24 March 1974, he took on the task of drawing up the operations plan, which he named “Viragem Histórica” (Historic Turning Point).\n\nOn 23 April, in Parque Eduardo VII, he handed the liaison officers the “Final Instructions”. From the night of the 24th he directed the operations from the Command Post set up at Engineering Regiment No. 1, in Pontinha. It was he who pressed Salgueiro Maia to force the surrender of the Carmo Barracks, and who, on behalf of the captains, mandated António de Spínola to receive power from Marcelo Caetano.\n\nGiven the acting rank of Brigadier, he commanded COPCON and the Lisbon Military Region. In the crisis of 28 September 1974 he was reportedly held, with Vasco Gonçalves, at the Palácio de Belém. He sat on the Council of the Revolution from its creation, in March 1975, and in May he joined Costa Gomes and Vasco Gonçalves in the Directorate, the top political body of the Fourth and Fifth Provisional Governments. On 20 November 1975 he was replaced as commander of the Lisbon Military Region by Vasco Lourenço, a decision that lay at the origin of the crisis of 25 November. Associated with the most radical wing of the MFA, he was arrested in the wake of those events and released three months later. He stood for President of the Republic in 1976 and in 1980. In 1985 he was arrested again, in the FP-25 (Popular Forces of 25 April) case; he was released five years later, after appealing against his conviction, and in 1996 the Assembly of the Republic passed an amnesty for the prisoners in that case. He died in Lisbon in 2021.","lugares":[{"lugar":"parque-eduardo-vii","papel":"Handed the “Final Instructions” to the liaison officers (23 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"pontinha","papel":"Directed the operations from the Command Post (24 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"belem","papel":"Apparently held in the palace during the crisis of 28 September (28 September 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q1353499","fontes":[{"titulo":"Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/pt/page/1499"},{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Período pré-revolução (01-01-1973 a 24-04-1974) – cronologia","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/periodo-pre-revolucao-01-01-1973-a-24-04-1974/"},{"titulo":"Período da Revolução – cronologia","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/periodo-da-revolucao-25-04-1973-a-25-04-1976/"},{"titulo":"A Reunião de Óbidos","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/capitaes-em-movimento/reuniao-obidos/"},{"titulo":"28 de Setembro","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/28-de-setembro/"},{"titulo":"25 de Novembro de 1975","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/25-de-novembro-50-anos-depois/25-de-novembro-de-1975/"},{"titulo":"Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho (Q1353499)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353499"}],"por_confirmar":["The day and place of birth (Lourenço Marques, now Maputo, 31 August 1936) and of death (Lisbon, 25 July 2021) come only from Wikidata; the 25 April Documentation Centre gives only the year of birth.","Where he was elected to the leadership of the Coordinating Committee: at the Óbidos meeting, on 1 December 1973 (the 50 Years Commemorative Commission), or at the Costa da Caparica meeting, on 5 December (25 April Association).","When he took over COPCON and the Lisbon Military Region: the 25 April Documentation Centre gives 13 July 1975, but the 50 Years Commemorative Commission already presents him as deputy commander of COPCON in September 1974.","Whether he was in fact held at the Palácio de Belém on 28 September: the 50 Years Commemorative Commission says that he and Vasco Gonçalves were “apparently detained”."]},{"id":"paulo-de-carvalho","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Paulo de Carvalho","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1947-05-15","local":"Lisbon"},"morte":null,"mulher":false,"papeis":["singer","performer of the first signal of 25 April"],"resumo":"The singer of “E Depois do Adeus” (And After the Goodbye), the song that won the 1974 Festival da Canção (Song Festival) and that Emissores Associados de Lisboa broadcast at 22:55 on 24 April as the MFA’s first signal.","texto":"He was born in Lisbon in 1947. On 7 March 1974 he won the Festival da Canção (Song Festival) with “E Depois do Adeus” (And After the Goodbye), by José Niza.\n\nThe Armed Forces Movement chose the song as the first signal of the revolution: it was a romantic ballad, with no political content, that would arouse no suspicion. At 22:55 on 24 April, the announcer João Paulo Diniz introduced it on air at Emissores Associados de Lisboa. It was the signal for the units joining the Movement to begin preparing to leave their barracks.","lugares":[{"lugar":"emissores-associados","papel":"His performance of “E Depois do Adeus” was the first signal (24 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q2064105","fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Emissores Associados de Lisboa (Lugares de Abril)","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/locais-de-abril/locaisabril-local20/"},{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Paulo de Carvalho (Q2064105)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2064105"}],"por_confirmar":["The day and place of birth (Lisbon, 15 May 1947) come only from Wikidata."]},{"id":"jose-pinheiro-de-azevedo","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Pinheiro de Azevedo","nome_completo":"José Baptista Pinheiro de Azevedo","nascimento":{"data":"1917-06-05","local":"Luanda, Angola"},"morte":{"data":"1983-08-10","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["naval officer","commander of the Mainland Marine Force (1974)","member of the National Salvation Junta","prime minister of the Sixth Provisional Government"],"resumo":"A naval officer and member of the National Salvation Junta, he headed the Sixth Provisional Government and was held captive in his official residence, at São Bento, during the siege by construction workers in November 1975.","texto":"He was born in Luanda on 5 June 1917. A naval officer, on 25 April 1974 he was a captain (capitão-de-mar-e-guerra) and commanded the Mainland Marine Force; at 16:00, with Lieutenant Commanders Vítor Crespo and Almada Contreiras, he formed a force of marines under the command of Lieutenant Commander Luís Costa Correia. He was a member of the National Salvation Junta, which was presented to the country live in the early hours of the 26th from the RTP studios in Lumiar, together with António de Spínola and Costa Gomes.\n\nHe was prime minister of the Sixth Provisional Government. On 12 November 1975, striking construction workers gathered outside the Constituent Assembly, at the Palácio de São Bento; Pinheiro de Azevedo went out onto the balcony to speak to them and was booed. The demonstrators — about 100,000, according to the press of the time — prevented the deputies from leaving for 36 hours and kept him captive in the prime minister’s official residence, next to the palace. In the early hours of the 14th he reached an agreement with the union leaders and undertook to bring the collective labour agreement into force from 27 November.\n\nAfter the siege, accused of being a fascist, he replied with a phrase that ended up on a sticker: “To hell with the fascist” (Bardamerda para o fascista). He died in Lisbon on 10 August 1983.","lugares":[{"lugar":"rtp-lumiar","papel":"Presentation of the National Salvation Junta (26 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Held captive during the siege of São Bento (12 November 1975)"}],"wikidata":"Q722270","fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Cronologia do 25 de Abril, por Jofre Alves (blogue Abril de Novo, 2010), na Biblioteca Digital do CD25A","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/Artigos/APP_CX22_48_CRONOLOGIA%20DO%2025%20DE%20ABRIL_Jofre%20Alves.pdf"},{"titulo":"Cerco à Assembleia Constituinte – Parte 1","editora":"RTP – Memórias da Revolução (textos de Aniceto Afonso, Carlos Matos Gomes e Maria Inácia Rezola)","url":"https://media.rtp.pt/memoriasdarevolucao/acontecimento/cerco-a-assembleia-constituinte-parte-1/"},{"titulo":"Cerco à Assembleia Constituinte – Parte 2","editora":"RTP – Memórias da Revolução (textos de Aniceto Afonso, Carlos Matos Gomes e Maria Inácia Rezola)","url":"https://media.rtp.pt/memoriasdarevolucao/acontecimento/cerco-a-assembleia-constituinte-parte-2/"},{"titulo":"O cerco ao Palácio de São Bento (12/13 de novembro)","editora":"Assembleia da República – Comunicar","url":"https://app.parlamento.pt/comunicar/Artigo.aspx?ID=559&IDSubTitulo=340"},{"titulo":"A construção da democracia (1974-1976)","editora":"Assembleia da República – Comunicar","url":"https://app.parlamento.pt/comunicar/v1/202104/72/artigos/art2.html"},{"titulo":"José Pinheiro de Azevedo (Q722270)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722270"}],"por_confirmar":["The dates and places of birth and death come only from Wikidata."]},{"id":"raul-alves","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Raul Alves","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1914-03-09","local":"Vialonga, Vila Franca de Xira"},"morte":{"data":"1958-07-31","local":"Lisbon (PIDE headquarters)"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["welder","PCP activist","political prisoner"],"resumo":"A welder from Póvoa de Santa Iria, arrested after the strikes against the 1958 electoral fraud, he died falling from the third floor of the PIDE headquarters on 31 July that year. The wife of the Brazilian ambassador saw the fall and reported it to Cardinal Cerejeira.","texto":"He was born in Vialonga, in the municipality of Vila Franca de Xira, on 9 March 1914. A welder and communist activist, he lived on the Companhia Industrial Portuguesa housing estate in Póvoa de Santa Iria. The PIDE arrested him on 16 July 1958, accused of “subversive activities”, after the strike and demonstrations by the company’s workers against the fraud in the presidential election of 8 June, in which Humberto Delgado had stood.\n\nHe was taken to the Prisoners’ Depot at Caxias and, a week later, on 27 July, transferred to Aljube Prison. It was from the Aljube that prisoners were taken to interrogation, and often to torture, on the third floor of the PIDE headquarters, on Rua António Maria Cardoso.\n\nOn 31 July 1958 he fell from a window on that third floor and died, aged 44. Memória Comum, which includes him among “those who fell along the way”, writes that he was “thrown”. Several people reportedly saw a man hanging outside the window, screaming, before he fell. Among them was the wife of the Brazilian ambassador, Heloísa Ramos Lins, whose residence overlooked the back of the building. She told what she had seen to the Cardinal Patriarch, Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira, who wrote to the Minister of the Interior asking that the police should not use “methods that humanity and the Gospel condemn”. Two weeks later, the ministry’s reply came: “It is merely an unimportant communist”.","lugares":[{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"First destination after his arrest (16 July 1958)"},{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Transferred to the Aljube (27 July 1958)"},{"lugar":"sede-pide","papel":"Killed falling from the 3rd floor of the headquarters (31 July 1958)"}],"wikidata":null,"fontes":[{"titulo":"Raul Alves","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/raul-alves"},{"titulo":"Os que ficaram pelo caminho (lista, páginas 1 a 7)","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/os-que-ficaram-pelo-caminho"},{"titulo":"A sede e as delegações da PIDE","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/prisoes-da-ditadura/a-sede-e-as-delegacoes-da-pide/"}],"por_confirmar":["The date of death: 31 July 1958, according to Memória Comum; 1 August 1957, according to the Commemorative Commission for the 50th Anniversary of 25 April."]},{"id":"regina-quintanilha","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Regina Quintanilha","nome_completo":"Regina da Glória Pinto de Magalhães Quintanilha de Sousa e Vasconcelos","nascimento":{"data":"1893-05-09","local":"Bragança (Santa Maria)"},"morte":{"data":"1967-03-19","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["first Portuguese woman lawyer","court solicitor","land registrar","president of the General Assembly of the National Council of Portuguese Women (1917–1919)"],"resumo":"One of the first women to graduate in law in Portugal, she was the first to practise as a lawyer, at the Boa-Hora Court, on 14 November 1913 — five years before the law opened the profession to women.","texto":"She was born in Bragança on 9 May 1893. In 1910, aged 17, she entered the Faculty of Law of the University of Coimbra, whose University Council had to meet specially to decide on the admission of a woman student. She completed the degree in three years.\n\nWith the authorisation of the President of the Supreme Court of Justice, she made her debut on 14 November 1913 at the Boa-Hora Court, in Lisbon, defending some women defendants. The newspaper A Luta wrote that she “questioned the witnesses” and spoke “with great brilliance”. It was only Decree no. 4676, of 19 July 1918, that allowed women law graduates to practise as lawyers and to work as assistant notaries and registrars.\n\nShe was also the country’s first woman court solicitor and its first woman land registrar. In the National Council of Portuguese Women, then chaired by Adelaide Cabete, she was president of the General Assembly from 1917 to 1919. She practised law in Portugal, Brazil and the United States until 1957, when she suspended her registration with the Bar Association, and she died in Lisbon on 19 March 1967.","lugares":[{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Debut as the first Portuguese woman lawyer (14 November 1913)"}],"wikidata":"Q10358623","fontes":[{"titulo":"Regina foi primeira em muita coisa. Incluindo ser a primeira advogada portuguesa a chegar ao tribunal","editora":"24 Notícias (SAPO)","url":"https://24noticias.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/regina-foi-primeira-em-muita-coisa-incluindo-ser-a-primeira-advogada-portuguesa-a-chegar-ao-tribunal"},{"titulo":"Regina Quintanilha","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Quintanilha"}],"por_confirmar":["Whether she was the first Portuguese woman notary, as 24 Notícias says, or the second, after Aurora de Castro e Gouveia, as Wikipedia and Toponímia de Lisboa say.","Whether she was the first woman to graduate in law in Portugal (24 Notícias) or one of the first, with Maria da Ascensão de Sousa Sampaio (Wikipedia).","The dates of her presidency of the General Assembly of the National Council of Portuguese Women (1917–1919) come only from Wikipedia."]},{"id":"salgueiro-maia","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Salgueiro Maia","nome_completo":"Fernando José Salgueiro Maia","nascimento":{"data":"1944-07-01","local":"Castelo de Vide"},"morte":{"data":"1992-04-03","local":"Lisbon (Military Hospital)"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["Cavalry captain","member of the Coordinating Committee of the Captains’ Movement","commander of the Cavalry Practical School column on 25 April 1974"],"resumo":"A 29-year-old captain, he commanded the Cavalry Practical School column that occupied the Terreiro do Paço, faced down the regime’s forces without firing a shot and besieged the Carmo Barracks until he obtained Marcelo Caetano’s surrender.","texto":"He was born in Castelo de Vide on 1 July 1944, the son of a railwayman; his father’s job took him, as a child and a young man, from Coruche to Tomar, Pombal and Leiria. He entered the Military Academy in 1964 and the Cavalry Practical School (EPC), in Santarém, in 1967, and he fought in Mozambique and Guinea. At the Óbidos meeting of the Captains’ Movement, on 1 December 1973, he joined the Coordinating Committee as one of the representatives of the Cavalry. On 17 April 1974, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho gave him the EPC’s operational mission, and the school’s officers chose him, at 29, to command the column that was to march on Lisbon.\n\nThe column left Santarém at 03:30 on 25 April and occupied the Terreiro do Paço. On Avenida da Ribeira das Naus, Maia walked with a white handkerchief towards the forces of Brigadier Junqueira dos Reis. The brigadier ordered them to open fire on him, but Officer Cadet Fernando Sottomayor and the tank gunners refused, and the troops went over to the MFA’s side. “That was where 25 April was won”, Maia would say.\n\nAt 12:30, amid a crowd shouting “Victory!” (Vitória!), the column surrounded the Carmo Barracks, where Marcelo Caetano had taken refuge. Maia negotiated for hours. At around 17:00 he was taken to Caetano, who said he was willing to surrender and asked for power to be handed over to a general officer; Maia then accompanied General António de Spínola to him. At 18:30 he had the Chaimite armoured car “Bula” reversed through the barracks’ main gate, so that Caetano and his ministers could leave safely.\n\nHe did not accept political posts after 25 April. On 11 March 1975, his trip to Tancos with the EPC’s second-in-command helped to defeat the coup attempt in which Spínola had been involved. On 25 November he kept his forces in reserve, in the eastern part of Lisbon.\n\nIn November 1976 he was sidelined to desk duties in Lisbon and, in March 1977, sent to the Azores. He graduated in Political and Social Sciences and in Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. He died of cancer on 3 April 1992 and is buried in Castelo de Vide.","lugares":[{"lugar":"terreiro-do-paco","papel":"Occupied the square with the EPC column (25 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"rua-do-arsenal","papel":"Advanced with a white handkerchief on the Ribeira das Naus; the regime’s forces refused to fire (25 April 1974)"},{"lugar":"largo-do-carmo","papel":"Surrounded the barracks and obtained Marcelo Caetano’s surrender (25 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q1350556","fontes":[{"titulo":"Salgueiro Maia","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/salgueiro-maia/"},{"titulo":"Salgueiro Maia (n. 1944 m. 1992)","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/pt/page/1498"},{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"A Reunião de Óbidos","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/capitaes-em-movimento/reuniao-obidos/"},{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Espólio de Fernando José Salgueiro Maia","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/pt/page/314"},{"titulo":"Salgueiro Maia (Q1350556)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1350556"}],"por_confirmar":["The date and place of death: 3 April 1992, at the Military Hospital in Lisbon (Commemorative Commission for the 50th Anniversary of 25 April); 3 April 1992, in Santarém (25 April Documentation Centre); 4 April 1992, in Santarém (Wikidata).","The year he joined the Cavalry Practical School: 1967, according to the Commemorative Commission, which gives the day (1 February); 1966, according to the 25 April Documentation Centre."]},{"id":"silva-pais","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Silva Pais","nome_completo":"Fernando da Silva Pais","nascimento":{"data":"1905-11-16","local":"Barreiro"},"morte":{"data":"1981-01-27","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":false,"papeis":["major","director-general of the PIDE/DGS"],"resumo":"Director of the political police, he warned Marcelo Caetano at 05:00 on 25 April that “the Revolution is out on the streets”. He only surrendered the DGS headquarters on the morning of the 26th, after the agents had killed four people on Rua António Maria Cardoso.","texto":"He was born in Barreiro in 1905. A major, in 1974 he was the director of the political police, the PIDE/DGS. At 05:00 on 25 April he telephoned the President of the Council (head of government), Marcelo Caetano: “Mr President, the Revolution is out on the streets! This is very serious.” Shortly afterwards, in another call, he advised him to take refuge in the Carmo Barracks, “because the GNR is solid”.\n\nDuring the day, the crowd surrounded the DGS headquarters on Rua António Maria Cardoso. Early in the evening, the agents fired on the crowd from the windows: four dead and 45 wounded. Later, at Otelo’s request, Spínola asked the former Interior Minister, César Moreira Baptista, who was being held at Pontinha, to persuade Silva Pais to surrender; Silva Pais said he was willing, if the Armed Forces protected the agents.\n\nOn the morning of 26 April he received Lieutenant Commander Costa Correia, of the Navy, at the headquarters and told him that the organisation he headed was joining the Movement. Costa Correia asked him why, in that case, the portraits of the regime’s leaders were still on the wall; Silva Pais asked for chairs and took down one of the photographs himself. It was the surrender of the DGS. He died in Lisbon in 1981.","lugares":[{"lugar":"sede-pide","papel":"Surrendered the DGS headquarters (26 April 1974)"}],"wikidata":"Q116923154","fontes":[{"titulo":"Operação Viragem Histórica","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/operacao-viragem-historica/"},{"titulo":"Movimentações do dia 25 de Abril","editora":"Associação 25 de Abril","url":"https://a25abril.pt/base-de-dados-historicos/o-dia-d/"},{"titulo":"Cronologia do 25 de Abril, por Jofre Alves (blogue Abril de Novo, 2010), na Biblioteca Digital do CD25A","editora":"Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril – Universidade de Coimbra","url":"https://cd25a.uc.pt/media/pdf/Biblioteca%20digital/Artigos/APP_CX22_48_CRONOLOGIA%20DO%2025%20DE%20ABRIL_Jofre%20Alves.pdf"},{"titulo":"Fernando da Silva Pais (Q116923154)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116923154"},{"titulo":"Fernando Luís Barreiros dos Reis (biografia)","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/doc/fernando-luis-barreiros-dos-reis/"}],"por_confirmar":["Whether it was Silva Pais who gave the order to fire: Jofre Alves’s chronology attributes to him, together with senior inspector Coelho Dias, the orders to fire on the crowd at 13:30; the other sources do not say so.","The dates and places of birth and death come only from Wikidata."]},{"id":"sofia-ferreira","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Sofia Ferreira","nome_completo":"Sofia de Oliveira Ferreira Santo","nascimento":{"data":"1922-05-01","local":"Alhandra"},"morte":{"data":"2010-04-22"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["farm worker and domestic servant","underground full-time PCP worker","member of the PCP Central Committee","political prisoner"],"resumo":"The daughter of farm labourers from Alhandra, she was arrested with Álvaro Cunhal and Militão Ribeiro in 1949 and again in 1959, and spent more than thirteen years in the dictatorship’s prisons.","texto":"She was born in Alhandra on 1 May 1922, the daughter of farm labourers. At ten she was already working in the floodplain fields (lezírias) of the Ribatejo, and she went to Lisbon early on as a domestic servant. Her sisters, Georgette and Mercedes, were also communist activists. She joined the PCP in 1945 and went underground in 1946, in a clandestine printing works in Figueira da Foz.\n\nUnder the name “Elvira”, she lived in a clandestine house in Luso with Álvaro Cunhal, who was “Manuel”, and Militão Ribeiro. In the early hours of 25 March 1949, six PIDE agents and members of the GNR arrested the three of them. Sofia was held for three years. In 1957 she was elected to the Central Committee, and in 1959 she was arrested and tortured again. She was held in Caxias Fort, where she led the PCP cell with Maria Alda Nogueira. In all, she spent more than thirteen years in the dictatorship’s prisons.\n\nAfter some time in the Soviet Union, she returned to the underground struggle in 1969. In a testimony published in 1975 in Mulheres Portuguesas na Resistência (Portuguese Women in the Resistance), she held the PIDE doctor José Godinho Gama Barata responsible for the death of Albina Fernandes, to whom he gave “no assistance at all”, despite having seen her attacks in prison. She died in 2010, aged 87.","lugares":[{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Witnessed Albina Fernandes’s nervous attacks in prison — presumably Caxias, where Albina was held from 1961 to 1968."},{"lugar":"boa-hora","papel":"Tried at the Plenary Court with Álvaro Cunhal and sentenced to three years in prison (9 May 1950)"}],"wikidata":"Q96193834","fontes":[{"titulo":"Prisão de Álvaro Cunhal, Militão Ribeiro e Sofia Ferreira","editora":"Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC)","url":"https://www.museudoaljube.pt/2024/03/25/prisao-de-alvaro-cunhal-militao-ribeiro-e-sofia-ferreira/"},{"titulo":"Faleceu Sofia Ferreira","editora":"Partido Comunista Português (2010)","url":"https://www.pcp.pt/joomla/index3550.html?option=com_content&task=view&id=35682&Itemid=594"},{"titulo":"«Sofia foi uma combatente com uma enorme consciência de classe, generosa, inteligente e sagaz» (Centenário de Sofia Ferreira)","editora":"Partido Comunista Português","url":"https://www.pcp.pt/sofia-foi-uma-combatente-com-uma-enorme-consciencia-de-classe-generosa-inteligente-sagaz"},{"titulo":"Sofia Ferreira (ficha: data da primeira prisão)","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/sofia-ferreira"},{"titulo":"Albina Fernandes","editora":"Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos","url":"https://memoriacomum.org/presos/albina-fernandes"},{"titulo":"Consulta SPARQL de identificadores e datas (P569/P570) de pessoas","editora":"Wikidata Query Service","url":"https://query.wikidata.org/"},{"titulo":"Maria Alda Nogueira","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Alda_Nogueira"}],"por_confirmar":["The total time in prison: “more than 13 years”, according to the PCP’s 2010 note, or “more than twelve years”, according to the PCP’s speech on the centenary of her birth (2022).","The day of death: 22 April 2010, according to Wikidata; the PCP’s note, published that day, does not say."]},{"id":"sofia-quintino","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Sofia Quintino","nome_completo":"Sophia da Conceição Quintino","nascimento":{"data":"1879-05-23","local":"Lamas (Cadaval)"},"morte":{"data":"1964-07-08","local":"Carnaxide (Oeiras)"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["doctor","member of the Portuguese Group for Feminist Studies","activist in the Republican League of Portuguese Women","pioneer of physiotherapy"],"resumo":"One of the first Portuguese women doctors, she qualified in Lisbon in 1905 and was a feminist, a republican and a freethinker: she belonged to the Portuguese Group for Feminist Studies and to the Republican League of Portuguese Women.","texto":"She was born in Lamas, in Cadaval, on 23 May 1879. She qualified in 1905 at the Lisbon Medical-Surgical School and opened a practice, with other women doctors, at no. 206 Rua da Palma.\n\nIn 1907, with Ana de Castro Osório, Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, Adelaide Cabete and Maria Veleda, she was part of the Portuguese Group for Feminist Studies. She later joined the Freethought movement and the Republican League of Portuguese Women, and wrote feminist articles in the Jornal das Senhoras and in A República.\n\nDuring the First World War, in Ana de Castro Osório’s Women’s Committee “Pela Pátria” (For the Homeland), she coordinated the first nursing courses in Portugal that were not taught by nuns. Between 1918 and 1948 she headed the physiotherapy services of Lisbon’s public hospitals and, at São José Hospital, ran the section that treated lupus with Finsen light. She died in Carnaxide on 8 July 1964, aged 85.","lugares":[{"lugar":"hospital-de-sao-jose","papel":"Ran the lupus section."},{"lugar":"centro-escolar-afonso-costa","papel":"Member of the Portuguese Group for Feminist Studies (1907)"}],"wikidata":"Q100319552","fontes":[{"titulo":"Sofia Quintino","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Quintino"},{"titulo":"Ângelo, Carolina Beatriz (1878-1911) — Dicionário de Médicos Portugueses","editora":"Unidade de História da Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da UNL (projeto de estudantes)","url":"https://medicosportugueses.blogs.sapo.pt/6263.html"}],"por_confirmar":["The address of the practice (Rua da Palma, 206, 1st floor left) and the dates of her hospital career (1918–1948) depend only on Wikipedia."]},{"id":"sophia-de-mello-breyner-andresen","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen","nome_completo":null,"nascimento":{"data":"1919-11-06","local":"Porto"},"morte":{"data":"2004-07-02","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["poet","Catholic opponent of the colonial war","founder of the National Commission for Aid to Political Prisoners","deputy in the Constituent Assembly (PS)"],"resumo":"A poet. She lived in Graça from 1951 until her death, wrote the “Cantata da Paz” (Cantata of Peace) for the São Domingos vigil, helped found the committee for aid to political prisoners and was a deputy in the Constituent Assembly. “This is the dawn I was waiting for” (Esta é a madrugada que eu esperava) is hers.","texto":"She was born in Porto on 6 November 1919. In 1951 she moved with her family to Lisbon, to the 1st floor of no. 57 Travessa das Mónicas, in Graça, where she lived until her death.\n\nShe supported Humberto Delgado’s candidacy and signed the Manifesto of the 101, by Catholics against the colonial war and against the Church’s support for Salazar. She was a founder and member of the national committee for aid to political prisoners; before 25 April she chaired the Centro Nacional de Cultura (National Culture Centre) and the general assembly of the Portuguese Writers’ Association. The lines “We see, we hear and we read / We cannot ignore” (Vemos, ouvimos e lemos / Não podemos ignorar), from the “Cantata da Paz” (Cantata of Peace), were written for the gathering of Catholics in the Church of São Domingos on 1 January 1969. That year she was a CEUD candidate in the elections to the National Assembly.\n\nAbout 25 April she wrote the poem that has remained the poem of the Revolution: “This is the dawn I was waiting for / The first day whole and clean” (Esta é a madrugada que eu esperava / O dia inicial inteiro e limpo). In 1975 she was elected to the Constituent Assembly for the Porto constituency, on a Socialist Party list. Of the 27 women who held seats in the Constituent Assembly, she was the only one to chair a committee — the one that drafted the preamble of the Constitution.\n\nIn 1999 she was the first Portuguese woman to receive the Camões Prize. She died on 2 July 2004, aged 84; ten years later, on 2 July 2014, she was moved to the National Pantheon.","lugares":[{"lugar":"casa-sophia","papel":"Lived on the 1st floor of no. 57 Travessa das Mónicas (from 3 November 1951 to 2004)"},{"lugar":"igreja-de-sao-domingos","papel":"Author of the lines of the “Cantata da Paz” sung at the vigil (1 January 1969)"},{"lugar":"capela-do-rato","papel":"Associated with the vigil (her physical presence is disputed); signed the solidarity petitions (31 December 1972)"},{"lugar":"assembleia-da-republica","papel":"Deputy in the Constituent Assembly; chaired the committee that drafted the preamble (1975–1976)"}],"wikidata":"Q235992","fontes":[{"titulo":"Concessão de honras de Panteão Nacional a Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, 2 de julho de 2014","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/ArquivoDocumentacao/Documents/sofia_p.pdf"},{"titulo":"Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen – Lisboa (exposição virtual)","editora":"Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal","url":"https://purl.pt/19841/1/1950/1950.html"},{"titulo":"«A paz é possível»: algumas notas sobre o caso da Capela do Rato (António de Araújo)","editora":"Lusitania Sacra, 2.ª série, 16 (2004), pp. 431-463 – Universidade Católica Portuguesa","url":"https://revistas.ucp.pt/index.php/lusitaniasacra/article/download/7084/6861"},{"titulo":"Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen: militância antifascista a partir da crise do Estado Novo (tese de doutoramento, Eloísa da Silva Aragão, 2017)","editora":"Universidade de São Paulo","url":"https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-24052018-131600/publico/2017_EloisaDaSilvaAragao_VCorr.pdf"},{"titulo":"As mulheres na Constituinte de 1975-1976","editora":"Assembleia da República","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/As-mulheres-na-constituinte-75-76.aspx"},{"titulo":"Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen","editora":"RTP – Memórias da Revolução (textos de Aniceto Afonso, Carlos Matos Gomes e Maria Inácia Rezola)","url":"https://media.rtp.pt/memoriasdarevolucao/acontecimento/sophia-de-mello-breyner-andresen/"},{"titulo":"A constituinte","editora":"Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril","url":"https://50anos25abril.pt/historia/havera-eleicoes-1975/a-constituinte/"},{"titulo":"Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (Q235992)","editora":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235992"},{"titulo":"«25 de Abril», de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen","editora":"URAP – União de Resistentes Antifascistas Portugueses","url":"https://www.urap.pt/index.php/cultura-mainmenu-42/960-25-de-abril-de-sophia-de-mello-breyner-andresen"}],"por_confirmar":["The name of the committee for aid to political prisoners: “Comissão Nacional de Apoio aos Presos Políticos” (Assembly of the Republic) or Comissão Nacional de Socorro aos Presos Políticos, CNSPP (Eloísa Aragão).","The book in which the poem “25 de Abril” was first published (probably “O Nome das Coisas”, 1977, which appears in the Assembly of the Republic’s bibliography).","Whether she was at the Capela do Rato vigil (the sources differ).","The place of death: the sources say she lived on Travessa das Mónicas until her death, without saying where she died."]},{"id":"stella-piteira-santos","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Stella Piteira Santos","nome_completo":"Maria Stella Bicker Correia Ribeiro Piteira Santos","nascimento":{"data":"1917-06-01","local":"Portimão"},"morte":{"data":"2009-01-22","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["feminist and anti-fascist activist","political prisoner","exile in Algeria","announcer on Rádio Voz da Liberdade"],"resumo":"One of the first members of the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace, she helped Jewish refugees during the war. Arrested and tortured by the PIDE in 1962, she went into exile in Algeria and was, in Algiers, the first female voice of Rádio Voz da Liberdade (Voice of Freedom Radio).","texto":"She was born in Portimão in 1917. She began her political activity in 1934, helping friends in the PCP: she typed up minutes and carried texts to the clandestine press. That year, aged 17, she married Inácio Fiadeiro, a law student and communist activist; they had two children, António and Maria Antónia Fiadeiro. In May 1938, with her husband and other PCP activists, she helped organise the escape of the communist leader Francisco de Paula Oliveira, “Pavel”, from the infirmary of Aljube Prison, where he was being treated, gravely ill; afterwards, the couple hid him in their home.\n\nShe was one of the first members of the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace and, during the Second World War, helped Jewish refugees, mainly from Germany, to reach Lisbon. She then joined the National Council of Portuguese Women, led by Maria Lamas, and began to support the families of political prisoners.\n\nThe PIDE arrested her on 15 February 1962. She spent almost two months in Caxias, where she was tortured, in a cell with Alda Nogueira, Sofia Ferreira and Cândida Ventura. She then went into exile in Algeria with her second husband, Fernando Piteira Santos, whom she had married in 1948. In Algiers she was the first woman announcer on Rádio Voz da Liberdade (Voice of Freedom Radio), created in 1963, and she worked there until 1974. It was her voice that opened the broadcasts: “Friends, companions and comrades, this is Rádio Voz da Liberdade, speaking on behalf of the Patriotic Front for National Liberation”.\n\nShe returned to Portugal on 2 May 1974. She died in Lisbon in 2009.","lugares":[{"lugar":"afpp-sede","papel":"One of the first members of the AFPP (1935)"},{"lugar":"aljube","papel":"Helped organise the escape of “Pavel” from the prison infirmary (May 1938)"},{"lugar":"cnmp-amoreiras","papel":"Member of the National Council of Portuguese Women, after 1946"},{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned in Caxias (15 February 1962)"}],"wikidata":"Q105230072","fontes":[{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Stella Piteira Santos","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Piteira_Santos"}],"por_confirmar":["These come only from Wikipedia: her help in the escape of “Pavel” from the Aljube (May 1938), the date of her arrest (15 February 1962), her time in Caxias, the detail that she was the first woman announcer on Rádio Voz da Liberdade, and the day she returned to Portugal (2 May 1974). The CIG says only that she was arrested and tortured “in Lisbon” and that she was the voice of the radio station.","At which headquarters of the National Council of Portuguese Women she was active: the one in Restauradores or the one in Amoreiras, where the Council moved in 1946. Wikipedia places her joining after July 1946; the CIG gives no date."]},{"id":"virginia-moura","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Virgínia Moura","nome_completo":"Virgínia Faria de Moura","nascimento":{"data":"1915"},"morte":{"data":"1998"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["civil engineer","communist activist","member of the PCP Central Committee while underground","political prisoner"],"resumo":"The first woman recognised as a civil engineer in Portugal, and a communist activist, she was arrested sixteen times by the PIDE. In 1949 she was held in Caxias, in the same cell as Maria Lamas.","texto":"She was the first woman recognised as a civil engineer in Portugal. At 18 she joined the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and, in the same year, the Portuguese section of International Red Aid, which supported political prisoners in Portugal and Spain. Her opposition to the regime meant she was never allowed a public-sector job.\n\nAt the end of 1945 she joined the Porto District Committee of the Movement of Democratic Unity, and while underground she was a member of the PCP Central Committee. In the 1940s and 1950s, under the pseudonym Maria Selma, she contributed to newspapers and magazines and organised lectures. She was active in the Portuguese Women’s Association for Peace, alongside Isabel Aboim Inglez, Manuela Porto and Elina Guimarães. She was at the rally in support of Norton de Matos’s candidacy and supported that of Humberto Delgado, the 1962 academic crisis and the congresses of the democratic opposition in Aveiro, in 1969 and 1973.\n\nShe was arrested sixteen times by the PIDE, prosecuted nine times and convicted three times, and was beaten by the police in public on several occasions. In 1949 she was held in Caxias, in the same cell as Maria Lamas. In 1951 she was tried for “treason against the Fatherland”, for having signed a declaration demanding that Salazar negotiate with the government of India over Goa, Daman and Diu.\n\nAfter 25 April she was made a Grand Officer of the Order of Liberty and received the Medal of Honour of Porto City Council. She published Mulher de Abril: álbum de memórias (Woman of April: an album of memories). She died in 1998.","lugares":[{"lugar":"caxias","papel":"Imprisoned in Caxias with Maria Lamas and other women (1949)"},{"lugar":"afpp-sede","papel":"Member of the AFPP (alongside Maria Isabel Aboim Inglês)"}],"wikidata":"Q16930368","fontes":[{"titulo":"Mulheres pela Igualdade (biografias)","editora":"CIG – Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género","url":"https://www.cig.gov.pt/iniciativas-nacionais/mulheres-pela-igualdade/"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas","editora":"MDM – Movimento Democrático de Mulheres","url":"https://mdm.org.pt/maria-lamas/"},{"titulo":"Maria Isabel Aboim Inglês","editora":"Wikipédia (português)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Isabel_Aboim_Ingl%C3%AAs"}],"por_confirmar":["The days and places of birth and death: the CIG gives only the years, 1915 and 1998."]},{"id":"virginia-quaresma","lingua":"en-GB","nome":"Virgínia Quaresma","nome_completo":"Virgínia Sofia da Guerra Quaresma","nascimento":{"data":"1882-12-28","local":"Elvas"},"morte":{"data":"1973-10-26","local":"Lisbon"},"mulher":true,"papeis":["first woman reporter in Portugal","feminist and republican","chief editor of “Alma Feminina” (1907–1908)","head of the Lisbon office of the Agência Americana de Notícias (American News Agency)"],"resumo":"Considered the first Portuguese professional woman journalist, she worked for “O Século” and “A Capital”, campaigned for divorce and for the vote, and opened the way for other women journalists, such as Maria Lamas.","texto":"She was born in Elvas on 28 December 1882 and was one of the first women to graduate from the Curso Superior de Letras (Higher Course in Letters), in 1903. She started out at the Jornal da Noite and in the “Jornal da Mulher” (Woman’s Journal) section of O Mundo, where she signed articles in defence of feminism. In 1907–1908 she was chief editor of the magazine Alma Feminina (Feminine Soul), which for the first time in Portugal gave prominence to a woman factory worker.\n\nIn 1908 Manuel Guimarães took her to O Século, where she rose to head of General News and Special Reports and made reporting a noble genre. In 1910 she moved to A Capital, which Manuel Guimarães had just founded at no. 3 Rua do Norte, and rented a home right opposite the newspaper. A feminist and republican, she took part in the 1909 campaign for the divorce law and spoke at the general assembly of the Republican League of Portuguese Women on 26 October 1910, which approved the feminist demands to be presented to Afonso Costa. She wrote in favour of women’s right to vote and of their access to the same professions as men.\n\nBetween 1912 and 1917 she worked in Brazil. Back in Lisbon, she headed the office of the Agência Americana de Notícias (American News Agency), on Rua António Maria Cardoso, and put it at the service of the Crusade of Portuguese Women, in aid of the maimed, the orphans and the widows of the Great War. In the 1920s she brought Maria Lamas into the agency, and Lamas thus became one of the country’s first professional women journalists. She died in Lisbon on 26 October 1973, aged 90.","lugares":[{"lugar":"redacao-a-capital","papel":"Worked at “A Capital” and lived opposite the newsroom (1910)"},{"lugar":"o-seculo","papel":"Journalist at “O Século” from 1908."},{"lugar":"liga-republicana-mulheres","papel":"Spoke at the League’s general assembly (26 October 1910)"},{"lugar":"ruas-pioneiras-caselas","papel":"Rua Virgínia Quaresma is named after her (1988 edict) (20 April 1988)"}],"wikidata":"Q30611300","fontes":[{"titulo":"A primeira jornalista de reportagem portuguesa numa rua de Caselas","editora":"Toponímia de Lisboa (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa)","url":"https://toponimialisboa.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/a-primeira-jornalista-portuguesa-numa-rua-de-caselas/"},{"titulo":"Virgínia Quaresma","editora":"Wikipédia (pt)","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ADnia_Quaresma"},{"titulo":"Maria Lamas: uma Mulher do seu País (6/12/2023)","editora":"A Voz do Operário","url":"https://vozoperario.pt/jornal/2023/12/06/maria-lamas-uma-mulher-do-seu-pais/"}],"por_confirmar":["When she began to head the Lisbon office of the Agência Americana de Notícias: Toponímia de Lisboa links it to the support for the Crusade of Portuguese Women during the Great War; Wikipedia says she only began working at the agency in 1922.","At which number on Rua do Norte she lived, and until when: Toponímia de Lisboa says only that she rented a home opposite the newspaper."]}]}